RFP Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics

Since many decades basis of research for the detection of the cancer biomarkers is opted by many researcher to identify new drug for cancer. Specific biomarker assessment for the cancer will help in the diagnostic approach for the cancer diagnosis along with the assessment of the progress of the treatment. There are many cases where the association of the cancer with specific biomarker is possible. The example for reference may be the two types of colony stimulating factors, G-CSF and M-CSF. M-CSF promotes the production and activation of Monocytes, and G-CSF stimulates the production of granulocytes from stem cells in the bone marrow. G-CSF and GM-CSF, which are produced by recombinant DNA technology, have been approved by the FDA for use in patients with bone marrow depression, such as cancer patients and patients who receive bone marrow transplants. In these patients it is observed that the bone marrow depression is usually associated with intensive chemotherapy or irradiation, and the use of colony stimulating factors avoids the profound and prolonged neutropenia as seen in controls not receiving these compounds, with a corresponding decrease in morbidity and mortality. On the other hand, administration of G-CSF or GM-CSF is expensive and can be associated with severe side effects. The deployment of the new life extending cancer drugs is needed to be measured for its efficacy. The effect of drugs may be detected through the detection of the low amount of the secondary associated biomarkers of the cancer. The various oncologists have different opinion in use of the detection of the immunogenic biomarkers with cancers.

Keywords: B-Cell Signature; Biomarkers; Cancer; Immunogenic; T-Cell Signature. 

In this review, we will discuss the usage of flow cytometry as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for cancer. Flow cytometry analysis can help in selecting distinct therapies. Flow cytometry can be used to differentiate the typical immunophenotype of malignancies, recognition of tumor cell DNA aneuploidy and measurement of cell DNA content. Flow cytometry enables objective explanation of tumor cell heterogeneity with the help of probes that differentiate tumor and normal cells and evaluate all tumor cell properties. The cell fraction in the S phase (SPF) of cell cycle is a common parameter deduced from DNA histograms incurred by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry is a powerful tool for fast analysis of cells for marker expression, cell cycle position, apoptosis, proliferation and measurements of cell kinetics and the potential doubling time (Tpot). Tpot evaluation is helpful in speculating local control in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Analysis of cellular RNA content by Flow Cytometry is helpful for the objective differentiation of acute leukemia and of multiple myeloma. Various studies have been conducted to identify hematopoietic stem cells using flow cytometry. The cancer stem cell which may be responsible for the recurrence of a tumor are identified and effectively isolated by multiparametric flow cytometry. The number of Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) which have separated from the primary tumor and run into the blood or lymphatic circulation forming a secondary tumor could be a prognostic marker for cancer progression. Researchers have developed several assays to detect CTCs for cancer diagnosis.

Keywords: Cancer; Flow Cytometry; Neoplasms; DNA Content; Markers; DNA Analysis; Cancer Stem Cells; Circulating Tumor Cells. 

Introduction: Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have an increased prevalence of dyslipidemia, which contributes to their high risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is widely used as an index of mean glycaemia, a measure of risk for the development of diabetes complications and a measure of the quality of diabetes care. This study is an attempt to determine the correlation between hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and serum lipid profile and to evaluate the importance of HbA1c as an indicator of dyslipidemia in patients with T2DM. Study Subjects: 100 non obese, non hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients attending the Diabetic OPD, IIMSR Medical College,Jalna will be enrolled in this study. After obtaining informed consent from patients, detailed history will be taken followed by investigations like fasting and post prandial blood sugar, HbA1c and lipid profile (Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL & VLDL). Material &Methods: Lipid profile and blood glucose levels will be analysed using respective biochemical kits Erba EM 200 automated biochemical analyser in central clinical laboratory, Biochemistry section of IIMSR Medical College, Jalna. Glycosylated Hemoglobin was analysed by using SDA1c Care portable analyser.

Keywords: Glycemic Control; HbA1c; Serum Lipid Profile; Type 2 Diabetes. 

Background: Meningitis most common neurological disorder with high mortality rate. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination by routine tests does not always provide rapid definite information as far as causative agent of different types of meningitis. Bacterial meningitis a common problem especially in many developing countries; Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes and C -reactive protein (CRP) by comparing it with the levels of serum in CSF of different types of meningitis. Material and Methods: A total of 150 cases, aged between 2 month and 60 years, including patients with bacterial meningitis (n=40), pyogenic meningitis (n=46), viral meningitis (n=24) and a control group (n=40), were analyzed on the basis of data from the initial clinical examinations. Results: Significant increase in LDH level (P<0.001) were observed in the test group when compared to the control group. The LDH activity was significantly elevated in the CSF and serum (p < 0.001) in cases of pyogenic (PM) as well as tuberculous meningitis (TBM). CRP was positive in almost all cases and was in the range of 0.7 to 9.7 mg/dl and values were corresponding in the serum. Bacterial meningitis is more common than non-bacterial meningitis. Conclusion: The enzymatic activity of LDH although significantly raised in PM compared to TBM but there was no cutoff level to differentiate them. CRP can be used as a supportive evidence of meningitis.

Keywords: Lactate Dehydrogenase; CRP; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Meningitis.