Pediatric Education and Research

Croup is one of the most common causes of upper airway obstruction in young children. Upper airway inflammation produced by a viral infection causes a barky cough, hoarse voice, inspiratory stridor, and respiratory discomfort. It causes upper airway blockage and must be distinguished from acute epiglottitis, bacterial tracheitis, or foreign body inhalation. Croup affects roughly 3% of children each year, mostly between the ages of 6 months and 3 years, and the parainfluenza virus is responsible for 75% of cases. Symptoms normally go away after 48 hours, but severe upper airway blockage might cause respiratory failure and arrest in rare cases. The degree of respiratory distress and accompanying findings must be the emphasis of the patient's examination. It is necessary to rule out the likelihood of foreign body aspiration and epiglottitis. The efficacy and safety of corticosteroids (intramuscular and oral dexamethasone), nebulized budesonide, oral prednisolone, heliox, humidification, and nebulized adrenaline are all investigated (racemate and L-adrenaline [epinephrine]). The provision of humidified air is the most crucial part of management. Children with moderate to severe croup benefit from racemic epinephrine and steroids. Children with restless stridor, tiredness, poisoning, or respiratory distress should be admitted. Active airway intervention is unusual, but if a blockage develops, it can save a life.

In developing nations, anaemia is one of the most frequent nutritional deficiency illnesses afflicting pregnant women. Anemia during pregnancy is linked to a poor pregnancy outcome and can lead to complications that endanger both the mother and the foetus' lives. In low-income nations, anaemia during pregnancy correlates to a bad outcome for both mother and child. Postpartum haemorrhage, the requirement for blood transfusions, maternal mortality, low birth weight, and perinatal mortality were all examined as negative outcomes. Severe anaemia during pregnancy has a negative impact on both the mother and the foetus. It appears that maternal hazards rise before foetal risks. It is advised that hospitals in low-income countries prioritise the prevention, early detection, and treatment of severe anaemia in pregnancy in order to enhance mother and foetal outcomes.

Prune belly syndrome (PBS) is a triad of an abdominal wall muscular deficiency, cryptorchidism, and dilated urinary tract, and is often associated with other anomalies. Association of PBS with congenital pouch colon is extremely rare with only few handful of such reports in literature. We report here management of this rare associationin a male newborn with multiple genitourinary abnormalities.