Journal of Microbiology and Related Research

Background: To the best knowledge of the author, there is no available literature on the status of Malaria in Goa. Hence the preparation of this document.

Objectives: To find out the parameters of Malaria in Goa as recently as possible.

Methods: By studying the documents prepared by the National Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases (NCVBD) and doing a web search on Malaria in Goa.

Results: It is seen that the Annual Parasite Incidence (API) of Malaria in Goa had come down to the very low level of 0.24 in 2018 and that there were only 272 cases of Malaria in Goa during 2019. Conclusions: Goa is very close to achieving near-elimination goals but will have to take active measures to reach them.

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It weakens a person’s immune system by destroying important cells that fight disease and infection. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets the immune system and weakens people's defense against many infections and some types of cancer that people with healthy immune systems can more easily fight off. As the virus destroys and impairs the function of immune cells, infected individuals gradually become immunodeficient. Immune function is typically measured by CD4 cell count. The most advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which can take many years to develop if not treated, depending on the individual. AIDS is defined by the development of certain cancers, infections, or other severe long-term clinical manifestations. If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). There is currently no effective cure. Once people get HIV, they have it for life. Some groups of people in the United States are more likely to get HIV than others because of many factors, including their sex partners and risk behaviors. But with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled. People with HIV who get effective HIV treatment can live long, healthy lives and protect their partners.

Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease presenting with symptoms like smallpox, which was first identified in 1970 and continued to occur in Africa. With the global eradication of smallpox in 1980 and the subsequent cessation of smallpox vaccination, which also provided protection against monkeypox, this has emerged as the most important orthodox virus infection in humans from the perspective of public health. Recently, since the beginning of the year 2022, cases of monkeypox have been reported from all six regions of the World Health Organization. As the outbreak continued to grow, the WHO declared the situation a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and issued temporary recommendations in relation to the outbreak. Newer vaccines have been developed of which one has been approved for the prevention of monkeypox. In India, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare issued guidelines for the management of cases as well as public health and prevention measures to contain the disease and end the outbreak. All healthcare facilities should focus on infection prevention and control measures. The community should be made aware of the disease, ways of prevention, and home management of cases that do not require hospitalization.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV, most commonly during unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing injection drug equipment. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV is a lifelong condition, but treatments and certain strategies can prevent the virus from transmitting and the disease from progressing. HIV is found in body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. It can be passed on through penetrative sex, oral sex, and sharing contaminated needles when injecting street drugs or in hospitals. It can also be transmitted from a mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding though many children escape infection. HIV cannot be passed on through kissing, coughing, mosquito bites, or touching.

Introduction: One review aimed to assess personal satisfaction and methods of dealing with particularly difficult times in patients with chronic pulmonary tuberculosis.

Methodology: The research approach taken for the study was intriguing approach, as the researcher had planned to evaluate. An informative study design was chosen as the research design for the current review.

Results: Personal satisfaction in patients affected by the chronic disease has emerged as an empowering tool and is even considered the best tool for assessing response to therapy and clinical consideration.

Conclusion: The present review aimed to assess personal satisfaction and therapies or ways of coping with the burden and ongoing condition of tuberculosis among patients living in a selected local area.

Introduction: The peptides resulting from collagen degradation by collagenases have a wide range of applications including wound healing. However, most of the wound healing studies involve collagenase obtained from anaerobic and pathogenic microorganisms thus increasing the production cost of the same.

Methodology: Earlier in our laboratory, collagenase was isolated and purified from aerobic, non-pathogenic Bacillus altitudinis and it has shown excellent activity in vitro. Thus, the present study was carried out to evaluate the wound-healing potential of collagenase isolated and purified from Bacillus altitudinis in a murine model. For this, male mice were divided into 2 groups viz. test group (n=6) and control group (n=6), and a burn wound was created on the dorsal side of each mouse with the help of a heated brass bar after exposing the skin. In the case of the test group purified collagenase (10µg/100 µl) was applied on the burn wound while phosphate-buffered saline (100 µl) was applied in the case of a control group for 5 consecutive days. On day 6th the mice (n =3) were sacrificed from each group and wound biopsies were collected for histopathological examinations

Results: Histopathological examinations showed the absence of epithelium in the control group whereas in the test group initial signs of regeneration of the epidermis were observed. The wound recovery when examined visually and by calculating the wound area by using a caliper the result showed that the wound was fully recovered. Conclusion: Purified collagenase can be used as a therapeutic measure in burn wound healing.

Introduction: Coronavirus belongs to the family of Coronaviridae, in the order of Nidovirales. It is formed by a positive sense single-stranded RNA, usually appearing spherical with the size of 80-120nm and with crown-like spikes on the surface. This large family of viruses is commonly circulating among vertebrates, such as camels, cats, and bats. Novel coronavirus COVID-19 has been identified as a new strain of coronavirus. It can cause viral pneumonia and dyspnea in humans.1

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the demographic aspect of the number of RTPCR tests performed in the virology laboratory, Department of Microbiology, AIMS, B.G. Nagara for a period of two years i.e, July 2020 To June 2022.

Materials and Methods: Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples collected from patients were subjected to RT-PCR testing using Emeril kit results were tabulated based on different demographic profiles.

Conclusion: In the present study with the overall data the strain causing the second wave was highly communicable and account for the highest infection rate and mortality. The least virulent strain was Omicron which caused the third wave. The positivity rate of our district was highest in the month of May 2021 (11.1%). Positivity was high in the age group of 40 years and above.