Indian Journal of Research in Anthropology

Development concept is linked with the “Psycho-sociological” determinants and moreover, it is intertwined with the peaceful conditions in any country, then only the citizens can enjoy the fruits which out of it. Maoist violence, which has emerged as the biggest internal security challenge since independence, in India subcontinent, the people of the county and Governments experienced many odds and ills due to this structural problem. Many instances reveled in the history that hatred conditions yields poverty and its related problems at the bottom. Maoist violence to develop and grow; evaluate efficacies of different Governmental approaches to handle Maoist violence; and understand the factors influencing public perception of Maoist violence. The Government of India enacted PESA Act for the local governance in Tribal areas, the Panchayats Extension to the Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act, 1996 came into force on the 24th December, 1996. Though the PESA is enforced, tribal regions are still in a state of underdevelopment due to various systemic and structural reasons. The reasons are complex, and multi-pronged. It also needs to be pointed out that tribal areas where the Maoism is existed the locations are militarized and under the grip of security forces. The local administration is unable to discharge their duties for the empowerment of the tribal communities. The villages in Maoist dominated areas lost confidence in successive Governments because of the land grabbing and facing livelihood problems, the tribes are struggling between the Maoist and the Government especially by militarization of PESA areas, because of this reason the local governance is blocked and the desirable development is not seen.

Anthropology may be considered as a recipe of arts and science in equal proportion. It is an adolescent branch of science that’s why bulk of science community is not properly familiar with this. At present anthropology is the only branch of science, which deals with the man and his work including his physical, cultural and social activities as whole. It is concerned with human species and behavior in all adolescent from emergence to present study with evolutionary phases. Anthropology never concerned with particular person as such but it focus on men in “group”, with races and peoples and their work and emotions. So anthropology may be defined briefly as the “science of group of men”. Anthropology has two main branches Physical Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology. The physical anthropologists study only Homo sapiens out of the wide range of living organisms. By making comparative study on different group of human and his near relatives known as primates, the physical anthropologist classify the man’s position in animal kingdom. Cultural Anthropology deals with learned behavioral characteristics of the past, present and future of human societies. Now, the main fields of studies under Cultural Anthropology are: Prehistoric archaeology, ethnology and ethno-linguistics. The human beings are the ruler of this planet at present due to his wisdom, intellectual ability and communication skills. With the help of anthropological studies that is actually the past and present experience we can able to make proper adaptation and acclimatization with the community, nature and environment that leads to our bright and better future otherwise we will also extinct from the earth as like many other species. To save our long lasting existence development of anthropology at its full swing is mandatory for us.

The aim of this paper is to present the socio-economic reasons that instigated a large section of Indian women to go colonial plantation countries as plantation workers in the 19th century. The paper also discusses the incidences and treatment what they bear with during their journey and after arrival in plantation industries by their male associates and colonial bureaucracy.

Matter in Jain philosophy is called Pudgala. Etymologically it means that which is liable to integration and disintegration’. It possesses colour, smell, taste and form, and is perceptible to touch. It can be consumed or destroyed and it may decay or alter its form. It is characterised by five colours (black, green or blue, red, white, yellow), two smells (pleasing and unpleasing), five flavours (pungent, bitter, astringent, sour, sweet), five shapes (circular, globular, triangular, square, oblong) and eight touches (light, heavy, hot, cold, rough, smooth, wet, dry). It is divided into four classes-skandha deÅ›a, pradeÅ›a, and paramāņu, The smallest parts of matter which cannot be further divided are called paramānus or atoms. Two or more such atoms may combine together to form compounds (saμghāta). Our bodies and the objects of nature are such compounds of material atoms. Mind, speech and breath are also products of matter. The masses of matter constituting the world necessarily have to interpenetrate each other, and the units of the one must be touched by those of others. In this process the units of time are included, placed on the same level with the others and considered constant. Contraction and expansion of matter stand for different densities with the same number of its units. We propose to discuss these points more elaborately in the section on atomism.

The nutrition is essential to ensure healthy growth, strong immune system, neurological, cognitive development and proper organ formation and function among individual. The present study aims to assess the nutritional status among male tribal population of gram panchayat-Umariya Dadar, Bilaspur. To fulfill the objective of the present study subject were randomly selected individuals and measured for anthropometric characters and interviewed for the socio-demographic status. Worldwide nutritional assessment indicator body mass index used to assess the level of nutrition. The One Way ANOVAs test shows that the average value of somatometric measurements statistically different in-between age group. Among them, there are significant age and tribe differences found between nutritional statuses.

Business anthropology has emerged recently as a professional sub-field that joins together several streams of literature related to multiple dimensions of the business enterprise. A consumer is the one who pays something to consume goods and services produced. As such, consumers play a vital role in the economic system of a nation. The aims and objectives to be considered are as follows; to identifying cultural and socio-economic determinants which affect the buying behavior of rural and tribal consumers in the backward and tribal villages of India, to explore the awareness regarding legal provisions of the consumer rights among the rural and tribal consumers in backward and tribal villages of India and to investigate the incidents of violation and exploitation of the consumer rights of the rural and tribal consumers in backward and tribal villages of India. The paramount fact is that, we have the huge scarcity of the research work related to the consumer behavior, in the terms of business anthropological perspectives, especially on the tribal consumer behavior. One of the prime objectives of these kinds of studies is to investigate the impact of demonetization on the rural and tribal production, trade and markets. Apart from these there are no studies on the impact of demonetization on the tribes of India. Above mentioned facts have proved that that there is a big gap in the field of rural and tribal consumer behavior study, especially in the terms of business anthropology. Therefore, there is urgent need to conduct such type of study. The comprehensive analysis of the primary data which will collect from tribal and rural areas; will form a basis for recommendation and policy measures with consideration of the cultural, socio-economical and local particularities. The finding of the study would highlight various dimensions of problems encountered by rural and tribal consumers in terms of violation of their rights and exploitation through chain of disbursement of goods and services.