Indian Journal of Pathology: Research and Practice

Tuberculosis still constitutes a major health problem worldwide with an 8.8% incidence and 1.3%mortality rate reported in 2010. Traditionally the diagnosis of active TB is mainly based on chest X Ray, microscopy and body fluid culture whilst the diagnosis of latent TB depends on the tuberculin skin test or haematology tests. Acid fast bacilli smear microscopy remains the most used and widely used TB diagnostic method available in low income and middle-income countries. However, as many as 40-50% of active TB cases were smear negative TB culture requires 2-6 weeks for interpretation and has less than perfect sensitivity. GenXpert showed both high sensitivity and high specificity and suggested its high value in TB diagnosis. This study confirms the superiority of GenXpert on TB test compared to ZN staining in the detection of tuberculosis and in the prediction of multi resistance. Its systematic use coupled with ZN staining would better control tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Keywords: GenXpert; TB; AFB.

Introduction: Carcinoma of the stomach accounts for majority of deaths in the world. Targeted therapy with anti-HER2/neu therapies in in-vitro and in-vivo models of gastric carcinoma are under clinical trails as per the pre-clinical data. Materials & Methods: A prospective study was done from 2017 to 2020 for a period of 3 years from Narayana Medical College & Hospital, Nellore. Cases diagnosed as Gastric carcinoma during the study period were included and HER2/neu immunohistochemistry was done. Results: We received a total of 250 gastric biopsies, out of which 83 were gastric adenocarcinoma accounting for 33.2% with a peak incidence of 61 to 80 years old and male predominance. the most common type was Ulceroproliferative type, with tubular adenocarcinoma being the most common histologic type. As per the grading, moderately differentiated grade was predominant. HER2/neu over expression was noted in 16.95% of all the cases. Association was between HER2/neu over expression and grade of the tumour was significant. There was no association between HER2/neu expression and age of the person, morphological features, lymphovascular invasion or perineural invasion. Conclusion: HER2/neu expression in gastric carcinoma can be of great use in therapeutic modalities for gastric carcinoma.

Keywords: Carcinoma; Targeted; A prospective; received; HER2/neu.

Abnormal uterine bleeding continues to be one of the most frequently encountered complaints in gynaecology. Until the pathology underlying menorrhagia, is accurately diagnosed, proper therapy is hardly possible. Endometrial sampling is effectively used as the first diagnostic step in AUB as it is simple, cost effective and appropriate method that provides accurate diagnostic yield. The aim of study was to evaluate the variations of endometrium in clinically diagnosed AUB patients. Materials And Methods: This was a retrospective study undertaken to review the histopathological reports of all endometrial biopsies over a period of 1 year i.e. from July 2019 to June 2020. The data thus obtained was entered by using Microsoft excel & was transferred & analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20). Results: This study included 100 cases of endometrial biopsy specimens. The commonest pattern of endometrium was proliferative. The commonest pathology was endometrial hyperplasia. Other patterns identified were secretory endometrium, chronic endometritis, pill endometrium, disordered proliferative endometrium, tubercular endometritis and endometrial carcinoma. Conclusion: Our study revealed the highest incidence of AUB in perimenopausal age group. Hence a thorough histopathological examination should be done generously in women presenting with AUB especially after the age of 40, to rule out premalignant and malignant pathology as accurate analysis of endometrial samplings is the key to effective therapy and optimum outcome.

Keywords: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding, Endometrium, Perimenopause.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with variety of hematological and biochemical abnormalities. The present study aimed to assess the hematological and biochemical parameters of patients with CKD and to compare the results to those of a control population. Material and Methods: This was a prospective Case control study sectional study included patients of age >16 years, diagnosed with CKD, and serumcreatinine level >1.5 mg/dL. Age-sex matched healthy volunteers were taken as control. Hematological investigations and biochemical tests were compared between CKD and control group. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 23). Results: A total of 70 patients with CKD and 62 control participants were enrolled. Hematological parameters including hemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and platelet count were significantly reduced in CKD group compared to control group. White blood cell indices including total leucocyte count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes were significantly decreased in CKD group than control group. All the biochemical parameters including serum creatinine, pre-urea all the biochemical parameters including serum creatinine, urea, potassium and phosphorous were significantly increased in CKD group comopared to controls whereas sodium was significantly decreased in CKD group as in comparision to controls, sodium, potassium, and phosphorous were significantly increased in CKD group compared to controls.. Conclusion: Patients with CKD showed a specific profile of hematologicalandbiochemical parameters. A good understanding of the differences in our cohort with those in the general population might aid in the clinical follow-up of patients with CKD.

Keywords: Hemodialysis, Rbc Indices, Platelet Count, Total Leucocyte Cout.