Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Context: Cervical cancer screening is helpful in finding abnormal proliferation of cells in cervix which leads to cervical cancer. Screening of cervical cancer includes cervical cancer which also known as Pap test and some women go through human papilloma virus (HPV) for cervical screening. Cervical cancer usually takes 3-7 years in proliferation of high grade abnormal cells to become a cancer. Cervical cancer screening is helpful in detecting these abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix before they give rise to cancer. Aim: This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge and attitude regarding cervical cancer screening among women attending OPD. Methodology: In this study quasi experimental one group pretest post test design was applied. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the 82 women attending OPD who met the inclusion criteria. Statistical Analysis used: Mean, mean difference, standard deviation, t-test and chi-square. Result: The result revealed that after the intervention the mean and standard deviation of the post test knowledge was 13.08+1.71 being compared to the mean and standard deviation of pre test knowledge 7.33+2.63. It indicates that there was a significant improvement in the level of knowledge of women. The calculated‘t’ value (4.83) on analysis of the data was found to be significant at ‘p’ value 0.05. Conclusion: The study concluded that a structured teaching program was effective in improving the level of knowledge and attitude of women regarding cervical cancer screening.

Introduction: Birth preparedness is a practice that helps pregnant mothers, their family members, and communities to deal effectively for childbirths and how to overcome with the emergencies. It is a core component of healthy motherhood service that are worldwide practiced. Aims: To assess the effectiveness on educational Nurturing regarding Birth Preparedness on knowledge and Application of Birth Preparedness among primi mothers & their caretakers during delivery. Settings and Design: Tertiary care hospital and quasi experimental design was adopted. Methods and Material: In this study 50 primi mothers and 50 caretakers of those primi mothers were selected by purposive sampling technique. The study group received pamphlet regarding birth preparedness and control group followed the hospital routines. Data related to knowledge collected before and after the study intervention from both the study groups by self structured questionnaire (r=0.84%) anddata related to application from caretakersafter the study intervention is by checklist (r=0.84%) Statistical analysis used: In this study chi square, t test and p test are adopted for this study. Results: There was signifeicant difference found in knowledgeamong primimother(p=0.00001) and caretakers (p=0.0002) in study group before and after the intervention. The results also showed that in study group there was significant difference in application (p=0.0004) among caretakers regarding birth preparedness. Conclusions: This study suggests that study group of primiwomen and caretakers having good knowledge after the intervention. So educational nurturing increased the knowledge and application among primi mothers & their caretakers.

Context: Breastfeeding to premature baby is often challenging for the postnatal mothers. In case of preterm labour milk synthesis is poor due to insufficient sucking reflex and poor mother baby bonding, if baby is admitted in neonatal unit. Breast massage is a technique to improve milk production in lactating mothers. Aims: To assess the effectiveness of breast massage on amount of milk production in mothers who are not actively breast feeding preterm babies. Settings and Design: Setting was postnatal ward Queen Mary Hospital, Lucknow. Research design was quasiexperimental (time series one group pre test post test). Methods and Material: Data were collected with the help of demographic profile and assessment of breast milk tool from 26 samples using purposive sampling technique who met the inclusion criteria. The pretest data collected before intervention and post test data collected after each intervention consecutively for 3 days. Statistical Analysis used: Mean, mean difference, standard deviation, t-test and chi-square. Results: The result revealed that on day 1, the post intervention milk production was found to be more (12.34±3.83) than pre intervention (3.03±1.98), t =16.68. On day 2, the post intervention milk production was found to be more (60.61±20.52), than pre intervention (17.07±6.73), t= 15.62 . On day 3, the pre intervention milk production was 25.15±7.13, which increased to 81.92±21.10 after intervention, t=20.16 at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusions: The findings of the study conclude that breast massage was found to be effective in increasing the amount of milk production among mothers who are not actively breast feeding preterm babies. Key Message: The positive findings of this study support a growing body of evidence that non pharmacological intervention such as breast massage is effective for increasing amount of milk production.

Aims: To study, analyse and find the correlation between different signs and symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome in a tertiary health care centre. Settings and Design: (1) Type of study: Observational Study (2) Sample size: 150 (3) Study participants: All patients attending gynaecology OPD diagnosed with PCOS. Study design: It was a Questionnaire based observational study. Methods and Material: This study was conducted on 150 patients of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome was done on the basis of 2003 Rotterdam diagnostic criteria. Ferriman Gallwey score was used for assessment of hirsutism and WHO cut-offs of Body Mass Index modified for Asian population was used for assessment of Body mass index, Statistical analysis used: Statistical Analysis: Data was compiled and analysed using site. Results: Percentages of Chief complaints: Irregular menses (89%), Obesity (41%), Hirsutism (37%), Acne (32% ), Infertility (10%). A Family History of Diabetes (45%), Hypertension 33%), Obesity (29%), Thyroid disorder (27%), PCOD (14%), Cardiac Disorder (13%) was also analysed. Polycystic changes in ultrasonographic findings were Present in 89% of the population and absent in 11% of the population. Only 33% participants were regular with the exercise routine rest. Hirsutism was graded according to mild (22%), moderate (62%), and severe (16%).50 % had Acne on examination. Body Mass Index was measured and graded into Underweight (11.3%), Normal (28.60%), Overweight (9.30%), Pre-obese (31.30%), Obese type 1 (19.30 %). Acanthosis nigricans (AN) was present in 32% And absent in 68%. There was significant Correlation between : ( p value <0.05) Irregular menses and infertility- 7%, Hirsutism and infertility- 3%, Ultrasonographic Findings and Acne- 48%, Obesity and Hirsutism- 45%, Irregular menses and acne - 48% Irregular menses and hirsutism- 33%, Ultrasonographic findings and acanthosis nigricans-29.3%. Conclusions: There is a diversity in the presentation of chief complaints of PCOS patients. PCOS patients show a variety in the presentation of the history of metabolic syndromes and of PCOS in their families. They show cutaneous manifestations in the form of Acne, Hirsutism and Acanthosis nigricans. PCOS patients mostly have moderate grades of hirsutism. Acne is present in almost half of PCOS patients even though most of them don't consider it as their chief complaint. Most of the participants who had increased BMI had Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Acanthosis is related to an increase in the BMI. Very few patients include exercise in their daily routine. There is a significant correlation in PCOS patients between: Irregular menses and infertility, Hirsutism and infertility, Ultrasonographic findings and Acne as chief complaint. Chief Complaints of Obesity and Chief Complaints of Hirsutism. Chief Complaints of irregular menses and Acne. Chief Complaints of Irregular menses and Hirsutism. Ultrasonographic findings and Acanthosis nigricans. Key Messages: This study has come up with the result of many statistically significant correlations between many common signs and symptoms like irregular menses, acne, hirsutism, infertility, Ultrasonographic findings, body mass index and acanthosis nigricans . Which will help in the further understanding of Polycystic ovarian syndrome. This study has also included various statistical analysis like having a family history of metabolic syndrome.

Bearing and raising of children are important endeavours in every Woman’s life.It is critically related with completeness, happiness and family integration. Human existence reaches completeness through a child and satisfies the individual’s need for reproduction. Causes of infertility change according to local demographics and thus it’s important to find local causes to direct management strategies. This study was aimed at studying the changing trends in aetiology of infertility, proportion of individual causes and highlighting the growing prevalence of non-communicable diseases in infertile couples. A cross sectional, observational and descriptive study was executed amongst 500 couples attending the infertility clinic at our tertiary hospital. Our study showed that 74.1% of participants had primary infertility. Female factor was nearly 61.9%, male factor was seen in 18.2%,2.2% had both male and female factors and 17.7% had unexplained causes of infertility. Of the study population, 16.2% women had non communicable diseases.

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