Indian Journal of Law and Human Behavior

Journalism is considered as fourth pillar of democracy, the other three being legislature, executive and judiciary. The freedom of press is of utmost importance for a democratic society to be a effective one. A free exchange of information and knowledge, debating, ideas and expression of different viewpoints is important for smooth functioning of democracy. Only when there is a swirl of different thoughts and information, people will be able to exercise their rights and questioning decisions of government1. Such environment can be created only when there is freedom of press. Journalism which was previously limited only to press, now includes even electronic media, also freedom of writing, printing, drawing, pictures, film, movie, word of mouth, communication and right etc. Legal provisions and constitutions take up the responsibility to protect freedom of press. There is no express provisions anywhere that states or protects the freedom of press, but there is one implied provision that confers this right i.e, under article 19(1)(a)2, which states- “All citizen shall have the right to freedom of Speech and Expression.” No freedom can be absolute, even right to freedom of press is not absolute.

Keywords: Media trial; Freedom of press; Judiciary; Fair trial.

In the present scenario it is to be seen that the definition of child is very vital as it is this definition which states as to how to treat the offenders that are children. A child is treated as doli incapax that is having mens rea. The reason behind this word is that the child is not capable of understanding the result of the actions that he/she did. However, on the contrary it is to be seen that the way children are enhancing their power to understand and grasp the current issues is far unforeseeable. The involvement of the juveniles in heinous offences such as murder, kidnapping and theft shook the conscience of the public. After the Nirbhaya rape case many discussions that emerged out highlighted the lenient and softer approach of Juvenile Justice System to heinous offences. Through research and data collected it is found out that the youngsters can be as violent as the adults, it is this violence that has made people to ponder on this issue and to re-improve the definition and approach to juvenile delinquents in India. This paper will try to cover the vital aspects that are from the prism of the topics few of them are enlisted as follows- • Reason for Juvenile Crimes. • Constitutional Provision. • Evolution of Juvenile Justice Legislations. • International Aid in Bringing The Legislation in India. • Juvenile Delinquency in India- Current Trends. • NCRB DATA (Encapsulating the increase in crime rate). The afore mentioned topics will try to exhibit and show that how Reformative theory acts as a bane in the present scenario and how the juveniles are taking this leniency as a leverage for them committing crime. The research paper in the most lucid way will try to explain as to how the incorporation of the Juvenile Act came into existence and how this act is providing a platform for the Juveniles to commit crime.

Keywords: Juvenile Delinquency; Reformatory Theory.

The alternative mode of settlement of the criminal cases is just to avoid regular trial of the case and the disputes has to be settled generally on the bases of compromise among the parties, firstly it is beneficial to reduce the pendency of cases in the criminal courts and relax to the inmates in the overcrowded jails, secondly it may waive the chances of future enmity amongst the parties and their supporters, thirdly it will reduce the legal expenses over the litigations to the victims/State counsels/offenders. Because offences has been committed against the State and normally criminal cases has prosecuting by our State counsel except complaint cases. Sometimes, seems that petty or non-cognizable offences has been pending for trial for a long time in the Court and victims/offenders are desirous for expeditiously disposal of the litigations but it may not possible due to various reasons under these circumstances it is necessary for the interest of concerned parties to make amicably settlement of the disputes if such type of case comes under the purview of compoundable cases under Section 320 Cr.P.C or take the recourse of Plea of Bargain as amended in Cr.P.C, 2005, as the case may be. This is the process of settlement of disputes may be captioned: restorative justice in criminal law of jurisprudence. Besides, sometimes parties are falsely implicated in the litigation, they can avail the remedy for quashing the FIR/charge sheet under Section 482 Cr.P.C or under article 226/227 of the constitution and another remedy raise the issue before appropriate Govt. to withdrawal of case under Section 321 Cr.P.C. The dowry case normally has not yet initiated unless it will refer to the mediation centre to the amicably settlement of the disputes among the parties, as long as mediation is being failed then case will refer to the regular court to adjudicate on merits of the litigations. In conclusion, restorative justice is the best method for the settlement of compoundable cases or the cases in which the plea of bargain will put on motion because it is cheap & speedy way to the disposal of the case but it will also look into the matters of non bail able and cognizable offences in which witnesses becomes hostile, it is a serious gravity of the nature of trial, it must strictly stop this practice in the litigation.

Keywords: Judicial Precedent; Litigation; Criminal Dispute.

When a young person gets involved in a criminal act, we call him as a Juvenile and the crime as Juvenile Delinquency. Juvenile Delinquency could means any type of behaviour by those socially defined as Juveniles that violates the norms (standards of proper behaviour) set by the controlling group. The Juvenile Delinquency refers to failure of children and youth to meet certain obligatios expected of them by the society in which they live. Juvenile Delinquency is detrimental for the social order in any country. There is trend of increase in juvenile crimes world-over, with more amd more involvement of the youth in violent crimes. India shows similar trends of incresing rate of voilent crimes committed by Juveniles. It is very serious for the nation and solution to end the problem need to be sought very carefully. Indian legal system and judicary has responded to these trends and has brought some amendments in the laws pertaning to juvenile justice in India. This paper aims to looking at the cause of juvenile delinquency. The analysis of statistical data avalable at official sites indicates increasing involment of juvenile in heinous rimes. To contain the problem of juvenile delinquency in India, the Act pertaning to juvenile delinquency has been amended and now trial of juveniles involved in heinous crimes is held as adult. Individualised treatment became the cardinal principle for reformation of offenders. Reformative theory is best for serving this purpose, juvenile delinquent send to the observation homes for their reformation.

Keywords: Juvenile delinquency; Criminal act; Juveniles.

The prime motive of the Companies and the corporations would invariably be profit gains as they are empowered with a legal identity. However, with the way society is advancing with time, Corporate responsibility has shifted towards being accountable to the mass. The objective of the paper is that the every human being has the responsibility to promote growth and equity in lives of those who do not have the resources to do that for themselves. Corporate Social Responsibility is a method of ensuring that the equity which is the fundamental value of any humane society persists. By providing for those who cannot provide for themselves, a dynamic economy is ensured because too much power in any few hands will invariably lead to an autocratic rule. This paper states that Social Accountability is now an umbrella which covers not just direct responsibility but also accounts for vicarious duty of doing the right thing by the society and the environment.

Keywords: Corporate Responsibility; Social Accountability; Sustainable Development.

The process of plea bargain is a method of mutually satisfactory disposition of a criminal case by the approval of the court. It results in a plea agreement between the prosecutor and accused whereby the accused agrees to plead guilty without a trial, and in return, the prosecutor agrees to make favourable sentence recommendations to the court. Plea bargaining in this context is considered the accused's reward for confessing. It can be advantageous for both prosecutors and accused persons. A plea bargain saves valuable court time for high-priority cases. The present paper is an attempt to discuss the emergence of plea bargaining in Indian criminal justice system, its background, types, objectives and justifications for its introduction in India. This paper also throws light on the approach taken by Indian judiciary in this regard.

Keywords: Plea bargain; Criminal Justice; Mutually Satisfactory Disposition; Trial; Guilty.

This Special work is dedicated to examine the economic crimes in India that not only erode the Nation’s Economy but the taxpayer’s money and took off the people’s trust from the institutions. It is a serious and growing threat in India. Technology is one factor which is used by the scammers for commiting frauds and conspiracy at collective level is the other thing.

Keywords: Money Laundering; Fugitive Economic Offender; Larcency; Swindle.

“Unless and until our society recognizes cyber bullying for what it is, the suffering of thousands of silent victims will continue.” Cyber Crime is familiar to all over the world as a crime committed through the internet. Nowadays, Cyber Crime is becoming a serious matter of interest all over the world. In India, technology is increasing day by day. Even our Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi envisions India to become a digital country. The main purpose of the paper is to understand the common cybercrimes and to know about the level of awareness amongst the youngsters and how the youth is impacted and is victimized by e-crime and how their personal identity is disrupted and stolen. The absolute process is defined and delivered in a systematic order. The present paper is mainly based on primary data as well as secondary data and the other information. Nowadays, in this cyber world, we digital citizens, all of us, have instrumented the data obtainable about our location and happenings where privacy seems to disappear. Technological challenges are directly linked to security challenges. This paper presents the impact and extent of Cyber Crime amongst the youth at a macro level in a conceptual manner.

Keywords: Cyber Crimes; Youth; Security Awareness; Internet; Safety; Privacy.

A person is not a criminal by birth but he becomes criminal by his circumstances. So it is not always necessary for these types of persons i.e. offenders to be treated punitively. Some reformative measure should be adopted for the re-establishing these offenders in the society. And for this it is not always to be punitive. For the change in society an important role is always played by the penal provision/law. A proper functioning of criminal laws is necessary for the administration of penal laws as well as reformative theories. What does rehabilitation means? It means not to punish but to reintegrate a prisoner in the society. As a person he will not feel ashamed and uncomfortable when he returns to the society. Hence he is always able to lead a law abiding and self-supporting life. The main purpose of the punishment is to restore the stability of the society by retaining the person behind the bars. In many times not always the offender is responsible for crime but to some extent society is also responsible. So it is the responsibility of the criminal justice system to rehabilitate the offenders. So correctional and rehabilitative measures should be adopted and implemented for the reestablishment of the criminals in India. We have to fight against crime but not against criminals.

Keywords: Rehabilitation; Recidivism; Restoration; Correctional; Community.

Juvenile crime has become an international issue. This is commonly shared by federal, state, local government officials and by the public in all over the world. In India, the problem has drastically increased which has raised many brows. As a result many states has started taking serious legislative steps against Juveniles. Juvenile delinquent behavior can be seen in criminal offense, taking drugs, drinking, smoking, violation, free sex, abortion, riot, extortion, theft , rape, etc. Earlier it was thought that juvenile crimes mainly occur in big cities. But the worst form of it can be seen even in remote areas. Poor educational standards, Violence in home, Violence in their social circles, Peer Pressure, Socioeconomic factors, Substance abuse, Lack of moral Guidance are some of its main causes. With the advancement of technology, they come to know about the things at a very early and tender age, they are supposed to know at mature level. The juvenile is not hard core criminal so while awarding punishment to these offenders, the main purpose should be to draw out all the anti-social qualities out of them and make them a responsible citizen. The Reformative theory is the most effective for young delinquents for the welfare of the society as well as for their own welfare.

Keywords: Crime; Juvenile; Delinquency; Violence; Reformative methods; Punishment.

In the recent years we have seen a reasonably high rate of technology advancement which helped in making some works quite easy and accessible for all of us. But at the same time when these things served boon for us but at the same time it also involved high risks about which most the people were unaware. Most of the electronic equipments are hackable and can be used to gain access to each and everyone’s all kind of information which is present on their device and not only this way, there are various other ways which can lead to harm people. And this wasn’t just happening in India, it was happening all over the world. All the illegal activities in which electronics (mostly computers) were used came under cybercrime. And the stats clearly shows that the number of cybercrimes are increasing day by day. And it is harder to control in the developing countries as compared to the developed countries, still there are some countries which certainly don’t have any legislation against the cybercrime. In this paper we will discuss why the developing countries a bigger prey for the cybercrime rather than developed countries, and what are the further steps or laws can be made so that cybercrime can be prevented to a larger extent.

Keywords: Cybercrime; Legislation; Developed countries.

“I would rather have a completely free press with all the dangers involved in the wrong use of that freedom than a suppressed or regulated press.”As beautifully remarked by the first Prime Minister of India Pandit Nehru. This paper primarily talks about the violation of fundamental right of freedom of speech and expression through media and media trial. This has been discussed in five parts i.e. (a) Evolution of Media Laws in India, (b) Free Press and Freedom of Speech and Expression, (c) Trial by Media and misuse of Freedom of Speech and Expression, (d) Subconscious effects on Judiciary, (e) India and International status with respect to media laws. Free press is the hallmark of a democratic society. It has to play a vital role in safeguarding the rights and liberties of people. The fundamental right of Freedom of speech and expression has been enshrined under the Constitution of India with regard to both the individual and the media but on the other hand this does notconfers an absolute right to speak and disseminate without responsibility whatever one wishes. This paper talks about the evolution of media laws to free press, extending the meaning of freedom of speech and expression to freedom of press, supported by case laws. Also, it talks about the contribution of media to trials in India both positively and negatively by indirectly affecting the judiciary and emerging out to be the ‘modern court of the people’. Lastly, it talks about the misuse of this freedom along with its consequences followed by international scenario.

Keywords: Evolution of Media; Free Press; Freedom of speech and expression; Media Trial; Subconscious effect on Judiciary; Fourth Pillar of Democracy; Modern court of people.

Crimes by juveniles is a harsh reality in India. In recent times juveniles were found to be involved in heinous crimes such as murder and rape. Juveniles who are considered to be childish or immature in their senses often unknowingly under the peer influence or societal trends commits crime. As there is a general saying ‘No one is born criminal, circumstances make him so.’ Socio-cultural environment around juveniles has a significant influence and impact on their acts. The Juvenile Justice Act, which has been amended with times, deals with the delinquency committed by juveniles with the purpose of rehabilitation of juvenile and assimilate him/her in mainstream society. The rational is that a child still has the possibility of getting reformed due to his/her lack of maturity and tender age. The approach is that it is the responsibility of state to protect and reform the juvenile. But with the increase in heinous crimes by juveniles, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2015 was amended and juveniles aged between 16-18 can be put to trial as an adult. In this present article, we would be discussing about how the cases of juveniles are treated differently than adults, what provisions are there which help in reforming the child and whether the amendment in the juvenile law deterred the government from the reformative approach.

Keywords: Delinquency; Juvenile Justice System; Juvenile Justice Act; Juvenile Justice Board.

At the very onset, violence against women such as sexual assault and abuse without consent is the major problem in India. Laws that protect women against such abuses and assaults have been amended over the years, particularly after some high-profile cases. However, there are growing numerous cases where the consensual physical relations, for any reason, have breakdowns and women cries “RAPE” on the ground of false promise for marriage. In today’s modern time, the major problem related to rape comes forward in our society i.e. “physical relation in the context of false promise for marriage”. This false promise by men to marry women not amount to consent for physical relation. It’s a clear case of cheating and misconception. So crying ‘Rape’ is the only possible option because she could be left high and dry, may even pregnant, by the man who scoots away and marries someone else. That’s why the Supreme Court ruled that the consent for sex obtained under the false promise of marriage is amount to RAPE. These offenses are against society. Rape is the most morally and physically reprehensible crime in a society, it is an assault on the body, mind, and privacy of the victim. Victims of Sexual Offences experience a wide range of physical and psychological problems.

Keywords: Rape; False Promise; Consent; Sexual Intercourse; Marriage; Indian Penal Code, 1860; Indian Evidence Act, 1872; Cheating and Misconception.

“Law should not sit spiritlessly, while those who break it go free and those who seek its shelter lose hope meanwhile”. “A tooth for a tooth and a life for a life” was the basic structure of the criminal justice in Ancient times. But subsequently, a sliding scale came into existence for satisfying ordinary offences. Such a system gave birth to the archaic criminal law. Criminal justice in India consists of substantive criminal law as it defines the offence and also prescribes the punishment for the same as well as procedural criminal law administers the Substantive law. The role of the criminal law is to protect the society and the people from the criminals and punish the offenders. However the history shows a gradual inclining concern with the treatment of criminal and a virtual blackout for attention to the victims of the crime. Looking for the actual victim of the system and trace the trends of compensatory jurisprudence and need for sensitization of Judiciary. So how the biggest stakeholders of this system who set the criminal law into motion goes to oblivion. They do not have any right, and the state undertakes the responsibility to prosecute the offenders by treating the victims as mere witnesses. This research work solely depends on secondary data and hence will follow doctrinal research and will take into consideration all the precedents, journals, articles and our basic understanding of the topic.

Keywords: Victimology; Adversarial and Inquisitorial system; Compensatory jurisprudence.

“The wheels of Justice are known to grind very slowly. But turn they do, although in many cases the wait may involve years if not decades.” Judiciary is the third very important organ of Indian Government. Other two organs are Legislature and Executive. Their functions are making of laws and execution of laws respectively. It is the backbone of the government because whenever there is a dispute between the Center and State, between State and the citizens and among the states, Judiciary is the only organ which controls the dispute and pass judgment. Judgment passed by the Judiciary is binding on all whether it may be citizens or government. Judiciary is the guardian of the human rights, protector of the constitution and promoter of peace and cordiality in India. It check and balance the legislative or executive actions of the Government. It is very difficult to answer the question that whether Judges in India are free from political influence? As we all know that it is the sole responsibility of Supreme Court and high Courts in India to protect the Fundamental Rights of Citizens in our country. So, it is natural that wide powers should be given to the Courts so that they will maintain harmony and attain the objective set out in the Preamble of the constitution. If the judges become partial or if they work under the influence of politicians, the whole system will paralyze. In this article an effort have been made by citing various examples which shows that judiciary is playing its role impartially or without any kind of political influence. Role played by the Judiciary is highly appraisable. It is moving its approach from outdated methods of punishment towards innovative methods of punishment. In all over the world this effort of our Judiciary found recognition and appreciation.

Keywords: Judiciary; Activism; Supreme Court; Fundamental Rights.

3Crime is that action which is prohibited by the criminal law and the criminal is that agent who carries out that action. Crimes are of various types, organized crimes are those type of crimes, where some people engage in crime with the help and aid of others to get substantial gain somewhere else. In these crimes criminals work in a group sometimes permanently and sometimes for a particular time for the purpose of getting done a particular criminal activity. In these kinds of crimes sometimes number of people involved is less, but sometimes it is very large. For the success of these crimes there is hierarchy of criminals in the group, it is consisted of subordinates, specialists in the crime and a number of temporary members. These crimes involve the supply of illegal goods and services to a large number of citizens. It is also seen in legitimate business and in labour unions. It corrupts public officials to get done their work without intervention of government. Traditionally in India these crimes included extortion, contract killing, boot legging, smuggling, real estate frauds and supply of illicit weapons to terrorists and insurgents, but now drug trafficking, money laundering are also included in these crimes. The main motive of these crimes is to monopolize in the market. Afterwards profits made through these crimes are used to penetrate legitimate business and to carry other activities. In present paper types, characteristics and law relating to control of organized crimes shall be discussed. There is no specific law in India which deals with menance of organized crimes; however, there are provisions in Indian Penal Code, the National Security Act 1980, the Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1988. Some States have enacted specific laws to deal with these crimes. AS this problem has become international, therefore, this issue should be tackled at international level.

Keywords: Crime; Organized Crimes; National Security Act 1980; Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1988.

White collar crimes are such crimes done by the most reputated people of their field and refers to financially motivated, non violent crimes committed by the businessman and government officials. In my research you will find out how the professionals are clever enough to commit the crimes like Cybercrime, Fraud, Ponzi schemes, Bribery, Embezzlement and many more. All the crimes like this MTIC, excise Fraud, money laundering comes under the category of the economic crimes. My research work is all about the organized crimes which have been done by the people belong to high level status, who just for fulfilling their concerns had committed such crimes very precisely and accurately that, no one will get to know about their acts but research shows that many got red handed by the police and have been traced and their profits which have been aroused out of those white collar crimes. If these white collar crimes or economic crimes are committed by some employee of a corporation then their masters will also be liable for those acts by the virtue of Vicarious Liability.

Keywords: White collar crimes; Organized Crimes; Cybercrime.

3Though Media is regarded as one of the four pillars of democracy and plays a vital role in moulding the opinion of the society, however, with the increased role and importance attached to it, the accountability and professionalism in today’s media cannot be effectively emphasized. Media should not usurp the functions of the judiciary and diverge from objective and unbiased reporting. The trial by media is definitely an undue interference in the administration of justice. Judges while making decision start considering Media criticism if they goes opposite from the view of the Media that’s why in mostly high profile cases verdict passes by media becomes the final verdict in trial courts. There is a need to maintain a balance between the freedom of the press and the right of a victim to have fair trial in case. Thus, Media wields enormous powers that can subliminally affect a case. The problem does not lie in media’s exposing the wrongs in the society. The problem arises when they go beyond the rights conferred to them and do things which they shouldn’t. The thin line between ‘innocent until proven guilty’ and ‘guilt beyond reasonable doubt’ is easily crossed which can endanger a trial in process. Steps need to be taken in order to prevent media trials from eroding the civil rights of the citizens, whereby the media have a clearer definition of their rights and duties, and the courts are given the power to punish those who flagrantly disregard them.

Keywords: Judiciary; Media; Democracy.

We in India hang the person first and then try him. It is widely recognized that role of media in a democratic society is to provide transparency and accountability, and to increase the public alertness and further to facilitate a forum for public discussion. Nowadays media is performing a pro-active role in every field including the judicial process but the larger analysis reveals that by and large the role of media is not positive. The paper would discuss the tortious interference of the media trial in the investigation process and well as during trials. It would explore the need for a balanced approach so that domain of the media, police and judiciary should not cross each other, rather supplement each other. The paper would also explore the influence of news media on criminal justice policy and strengthen support for punitive public policies.

Keywords: Media trial; Judiciary; Criminal justice policy; Judicial process; Public Policies; Tortious interference; Balanced approach.

India is a country of population more than 1.25 billion with the pity burden of 31122421 pending cases, out of which 22306834 are criminal cases1. People are habitual of delay in judicial system which diminishes faith of people in getting justice from this holy institution. During debates of constituent assembly, Sh. V.S. Sarwate said that “Justice is delayed, Justice is denied”2. Plea bargaining is American concept of expeditious trial in which defendant pleads guilty for the condition on less punishment. This process seems to be helpful in expeditious trial but it is not alienated from criticism. Indian Judicial system reluctantly introduced plea bargaining from section 265A to Section 265L in new chapter XXI A of CrPC through criminal law amendment act, 2005. The Hon’ble Supreme court of India in 2004 held that, “It is settled law that on the basis of plea bargaining court cannot dispose of the criminal cases. The court has to decide it on merits”3. In this research paper we discuss origin, benefits and criticism of plea bargaining in Indian context and conclude that whether it is a silver lining or compromised mockery.

Keyword: Compromised mockery; Justice; Assembly; Sh. V.S. Sarwate; Plea Bargaining; Silver lining.

Cyber terrorism is a global issue which is one of the most ignored & underestimated issue considered in India. India has the maximum internet users, called as ‘Netizens’ after USA and China. The over dependency over the internet increase the vulnerabilities & transformed their aggressions into feeling of revenge, which turned them criminals, Cyber warriors and hostility to the country. Most of the Indian citizens are insensitive towards cyber threats of being victimized of virtual world. The information technology has opened the ocean of opportunities to the world for development of their financial infrastructures. The Cyber crimes are increasing every moment. The netizens are ignorant and of state of mind that their activities are unnoticed. We generally share our significant & super sensitive data & information unintentionally on social media. The momentous growth of Cyber world posed the threats of Cyber terrorism. The Cyber attacks has tendency of depiction of lethal, non-lethal psychological well being, public confidence & political attitudes. Generally, it is to consider as Cyber terrorism affects only the national security system. But infect- it also affects their psyche & cognition. The Cyber terrorist expanded growth of Cyber attacks, which is dramatically increased in past few years. It has caused mass destruction & damage to nuclear facilities & critical command & control system. The Cyber experts are working to strengthen more and more capacity to restrain Cyber attacks over Govt. system, defence websites, financial and banking system and most important nuclear facilities.

Keywords: Cyber terrorism; Cyber crimes; Netizens.

This paper traces the use of DNA testing in paternity confirmation in India. Although the use of DNA fingerprinting has revolutionized crime investigations across the world, it has also opened a Pandora’s Box wherein men are increasingly using this technology for the genetic verification of their children in India. The easy and affordable availability of genetic testing in an unregulated free market has resulted in the increasing popularity of getting a DNA test done on children to verify a biological relationship with their fathers. Further, the courts have become sites of arbitrating the complexities related to the use of this technology in a deeply patriarchal society.

Keywords: DNA; Paternity; Feminism; Patriarchy; Technology.

Background: The association between depression and thyroid disorders are studied extensively but still remains disputable. Hence, the current study was designed to estimate the proportion of thyroid dysfunction among depressive patients and also to study their association. Material and Methods: This was a hospital based cross sectional study done in a tertiary care centre in rural Puducherry. Eighty eligible patients with depression of any severity were included. They were interviewed with structured pretested questionnaire. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used to measure the level of severity of depression. Thyroid functions test was carried out. Ethical principles were adhered throughout the study. SPSS version 24.0 was used for analysis and Chi-square test was used to find out association between severity of depression and thyroid status. Results: Of 80 depressed participants 45% were more than 45 years, females (72.5%) were the maximum and so 35% were homemakers. Participants belonging to upper middle socio-economic class were the majority (42.5%) and 65% were from rural area. Of the study participants 60, (75%) had normal thyroid function tests, one (5%) had hyperthyroid state and the remaining 19 (95%) had hypothyroidism. Among the depressed patients 67.5% had mild to moderate depression and 32.5% had severe depression. Increasing age and hypothyroid status were statistically associated. Conclusions: Majority of the depressed patients had moderate level of severity and hypothyroidism was the most common thyroid abnormality identified. Increasing age and hypothyroid status were associated with depression. Periodic screening of depressed patients for thyroid abnormality is recommended.

Keywords: Association; Depression; Hypothyroid; Screening.

Background: Alcohol consumption steadily increases globally. It affects sexual function and this study aims to study the proportion of alcohol dependent men with erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation and tried to find out the correlation of alcohol consumption with serum testosterone and sexual dysfunction. Material and Methods: Cross sectional hospital based study done in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Eighty alcohol dependent men fulfilling the eligibility criteria were recruited from the deaddiction clinic. They were administered with Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUIDT), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) tools and their blood testosterone levels were checked. Data were entered in EpiInfo software and analysed using SPSS version 24. Proportion and Pearson correlation were calculated. Results: Most of them (67.5%) were in the age group of 35–45 years and almost 80% of them were from rural area. Almost 90% of them had erectile dysfunction and 67% had premature ejaculation. AUDIT score was negatively correlated with serum testosterone level and IIEF score and positively correlated with PEDT score. Conclusions: Alcohol deaddictioncentre should routinely screen for the sexual dysfunction among the clients and should be equipped with treatment services for commonest sexual dysfunction along with deaddiction services.

Keywords: Alcohol dependence; Erectile dysfunction; Premature ejaculation; Testosterone.