Indian Journal of Genetics and Molecular Research

Lifestyle diseases have become a new threat in the current generation affecting primarily the youths and children. These diseases are associated with the lifestyle of people and the kind of norms they follow in the day to day life.More and more instances are showing the drastic impact on people’s state of living and habits on their reproductive health and well- being. When it comes to women ovulation and menstrual cycle are the first thing to get affected by any alteration in diet and ill practices of everyday routine .Hormonal imbalances followed by obesity and indulgence in unhealthy practices like smoking , alcohol intake , and excess consumption of caffeinated drinks are the other risk factors . With the throat cut competition and other life problems; stress and depression are the other emerging issues that directly disrupt the functionality and viability of the female genital system.This review paper focuses on the impact of lifestyle diseases on the fecundity and reproductive health of women leading to higher risk of infertility.

Background: Aspergillus fumigatus is type of fungus which is harmful and going to be harmful for human in day to day life. As we are moving to a great scientific era we are not able to find the cure of many of the diseases and aspergillosis is one of them. Aspergillosis is disease which is caused by fungus Aspergillus fumigatus which causes inflammation in lungs and respiratory tract causing respiratory disorder and sometimes it can be so harmful to that extent that it can cause fatality in humans. This fungus glows very well in wide temperature ranges which have humid and warm conditions. A. fumigatus is a thermophilic species, with growth occurring at temperatures as high as 55°C and survival maintained at temperatures up to 70°C.1 In the (Figure 1) below we can see that in which of the country Aspergillus grows the less to the most.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the world’s sixth leading cause of death due to its quick progression. It has a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. Though there are several factors leading to malignancy, some of them are not yet fully understood. For example HCV. Hepatitis C virus is known to cause hepatocellular carcinoma and clearing the viral load of HCV from the body using DAAs has helped in improved prognosis and prevention of HCC but there is no concrete evidence to prove the direct carcinogenic effects of HCV in causing HCC. The argument is that HCV does not directly causes HCC but its chronic effects in the liver eventually lead up to HCC.

The Triple X syndrome is an anomalous genetic condition distinguished by an extra X chromosome in each cell of the female body. This manuscript is prepared with the objectives of giving a better understanding and summarizing the current status of the Triple X syndrome cases and to be used by individuals to understand best about this abnormality. This syndrome was first identified in 1959. The Triple X females are usually with normal fertility and sexual development, so able to conceive children and lead productive lives. Mostly there are no any obvious physical differences other than often taller stature than average in these cases. In some cases the symptoms may be more apparent including developmental, psychological and behavioral problems and may lead to a number of other ill health including work, school, social and relationship problems like learning difficulties and delayed development of speech and language skills; decreased muscle tone / weakness / hypotonia and delayed development of motor skills such as sitting and walking; behavioral and emotional difficulties; seizures and kidney problems. For these problems they need additional support and assistance. The cause of this syndrome is an accidental event during cell division and resulted either during the division of the mother's reproductive cells or during the division of cells at the beginning of development of zygote. The Triple X syndrome is not typically inherited or run from one generation to the next. A form where only a percentage of the body cells contain XXX can also occur. Diagnosis is by the karyotyping or chromosomal analysis. The treatment may include the speech and physical therapy and the counseling. The prevalence rate of the Triple X syndrome is around 1 in 1,000 girls. It is estimated that 90% of those affected are not diagnosed as they either have no or only few symptoms. The parents should talk with a doctor about disquiets with the development of their daughters which will help girls receive an early diagnosis and interventions. The researches have shown that early treatments at younger age are more effective towards normalcy of life in the Triple X cases. Adolescents and adult women presenting with late menarche, menstrual irregularities, or fertility problems should be evaluated first for the premature ovarian failure and Triple X syndrome.

In contrast to the Western countries, Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in India is being increasingly seen in young adults. The severity of the disease is more in Indian patients at time of presentation; moreover their response to treatment is poor. In the present study molecular markers which may affect the biology of MDS patients were studied.Conventional cytogenetics, molecular mutations of RAS and FLT3 genes, hTERT gene expression, telomerase activity (TA) and promoter methylation status of four tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) (p15INK4b, SOCS-1, calcitonin and FHIT) were analyzed in a series of 100 MDS patients and correlated with disease severity, progression and survival. It was found that the prevalence of MDS was higher in patients with age<60 years as compared to the patients with age ≥ 60 years (75% vs. 25%). Normal cytogenetics was present in 26/51 (51%) patients and 25/51 (49%) patients had chromosomal abnormalities. The frequency of N-RAS mutation was 3% and K-RAS mutation was 9%. FLT3-ITD and FLT3-TKD mutations were absent. TA was increased in 17/100 (17%) cases. hTERT expression was present in 17/100 (17%) cases. 40 patients (40%) had p15INK4b gene methylation. p15INK4b, SOCS-1, FHIT and calcitonin gene methylation was observed in 40 (40%), 53 (53%), 43 (43%) and 58 (58%) patients respectively. After multivariate analysis, only p15INK4b gene methylation was found as an independent predictor for progression of disease in MDS patients. In conclusion, p15INK4b gene methylation may play pivotal role in the diagnosis and disease progression in younger Indian MDS patients.