Indian Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology

Background: Diabetic eye diseases (DEDs) represent one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide. With the growing prevalence of diabetes mellitus, ocular complications such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic macular edema (DME), cataract, and glaucoma are becoming increasingly significant public health concerns. Objective: To evaluate the clinical spectrum, risk factors, and management strategies for diabetic eye diseases based on recent advances in ophthalmology and endocrinology. Methods: A descriptive review-based study was conducted using clinical records of 150 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary care ophthalmology unit between January 2022 and December 2023. Demographic data, clinical history, ocular examination findings, and treatment outcomes were analyzed. The grading of DR was based on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) classification, and macular involvement was assessed using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results: Among 150 patients (mean age 56.2 ± 9.3 years), 58% were male and 42% female. DR was present in 64% of patients, of which 35% had non-proliferative DR and 29% had proliferative DR. DME was identified in 22% of cases, while 38% had diabetic cataract and 12% had glaucoma. Poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 8.0%) and duration of diabetes >10 years were strongly associated with DR severity (p < 0.001). Patients receiving anti-VEGF therapy for DME demonstrated significant improvement in central macular thickness (mean reduction: 85 µm) and best-corrected visual acuity over six months. Conclusion: Diabetic eye diseases remain highly prevalent among patients with longstanding and poorly controlled diabetes. Regular ophthalmic screening, strict glycemic control, and timely intervention with anti-VEGF agents and laser therapy play pivotal roles in reducing vision-related morbidity. Public health strategies focusing on early detection and awareness are crucial to combat the burden of diabetic blindness.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is caused due to the lack of insulin or hypo secretion of insulin. There are two types of diabetes mellitus, i.e. type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is earlier called insulindependent diabetes mellitus. It is caused due to loss of beta cells in the pancreas resulting in insufficient production of insulin. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is also sometimes referred to as non-Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. It is caused due to insulin resistance, wherein cells do not respond adequately to insulin leading to an increased level of blood glucose. Diabetes Insipidus is caused by the deficiency of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. Aims: To evaluate the level of level of knowledge regarding type-1 DM and type-2 DM among staff nurses, and to determine the association between level of knowledge regarding type-1 DM and type-2 DM among staff nurses with selected demographic variables. Materials and Methods: The methodology employed in the current study was descriptive in nature, for evaluating the knowledge structured questionnaire and observational checklist were used, number of subjects were 30, sampling technique of the present study is purposive sampling. Results: In the present study result findings shows that, Table 6: Revealed that majority of the respondents perceived average knowledge that is about 6 (54%), and SD is 2.7. more or less similar score is about 4 (15%), and SD will be 1.8. and a less similar score is about 3 (31%), and SD will be 2.3. Table 7: Revealed that the majority of the respondents perceived an average knowledge that is about 4 (65%), and SD is 1.7. Author’ more or less similar score is about 2 (21%), and SD will be 2.8. more or less similar score is about 1 (14%), and SD will be 0.7. Table 8: Revealed that majority of the respondents perceived average knowledge that is about 7 (75 %) and SD will be is 2.8. more or less similar score is about 2 (15%), and SD will be 1.9. less similar score is about 1 (10%), and SD will be 1.5. Conclusion: The findings of the study revealed that majority of the staff nurses belonged to GNM had average knowledge and practices regarding type 1 and type 2 DM, and less similar of the staff nurses belonged to moderate knowledge, and most good knowledge, belonging to BSC staff nurses working at tertiary care hospital in Belagavi.

Background: Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is a cornerstone biomarker for longterm glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. While its clinical utility is globally recognized, its interpretation in India is complicated by biological, methodological, and infrastructural factors. This review synthesizes insights from UK-based case studies and recent Indian and international literature to contextualize HbA1c measurement, interpretation, and relevance in Indian healthcare settings. Methods: The review integrates content from the book “HbA1c in Diabetes: Case Studies Using IFCC Units” with peer-reviewed studies on HbA1c variability, hemoglobinopathies, anaemia, and monitoring strategies. Emphasis is placed on Indian-specific challenges such as inconsistent adoption of IFCC standards, high prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia, and haemoglobin variants. Results: HbA1c interpretation in India is influenced by assay variability, biological confounders, and limited standardization. Case-based nsights highlight the need for alternative markers like fructosamine and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in select populations. Regular HbA1c monitoring improves outcomes, but access and affordability remain barriers. Conclusion: HbA1c remains indispensable in Indian diabetes care, but its interpretation must be individualised. Standardisation, contextual awareness, and integration with digital tools are essential for optimising outcomes.