Indian Journal of Communicable Diseases

Introduction: West Nile Virus infection is a selflimited illness that can cause neuro-invasive illness including encephalitis & meningitis. Problem Statement: The first isolate of West Nile Virus was found in 1937 in Uganda. Recently in March 2019, a 7 year old boy was detected of West Nile Fever in Kerala’s Malappuram district who died of cardiac arrest following the complications. Prevention and control: One of the most efficient method of preventing West Nile infection is to raise awareness of risk factors among people and educate them about what steps they can take to reduce their exposure to the virus.

Keywords: West Nile Fever; Epidemic; India; Re-emerging Threat; Prevention.

One of the potential threats to public health microbiology in 21st century is the increased mortality rate caused by Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus. The severity of ZIKV infection urged World Health Organization (WHO) to declare this virus as a global concern. The emergence of ZIKV, a mosquito borne Flavivirus like dengue (DEN) and chikungunya (CHIK), in Brazil in 2014 and its spread to various countries have led to a global health emergency. Aedesaegypti is the major vector for ZiV. Fast dissemination of this virus in different geographical areas possess a major threat especially to regions where the population lacks herd immunity against the ZIKV and there is abundance of Aedes mosquitoes. In this review, we focus on current global scenario, epidemiology, biology, diagnostic challenges and remedial measures for ZIKV considering the Indian perspective. There is an urgent need to understand why Zika virus has shifted from being a virus that caused mild illness to unforeseen birth defects as well as autoimmune-neurological problems.

Keywords: Zika; Emerging; Virus; India.

Diagnosing tuberculosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected person is a major public health challenge. An integral component of the World Health Organization (WHO) strategy for reducing the burden of HIV related TB disease is intensified case finding (ICF) for TB among HIV infected person. (Maher et al., 2005) (World Health Organization; 2004, Intrim policy). Aim: To study the changes/ variations in CD4 count of HIV positive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Study design: It was a retrospective, analytical study. Materials and methods: The study was conducted by collecting and assessing data of past 3 year of HIV positive individuals in civil hospital of Ahmednagar (HIV sentinel surveillance) with pulmonary tuberculosis fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data analysis: The collected data was compared amongst each other and descriptive statistics like mean, median, mode and proportion was used. Inferential statistics had application of student t test variably. Study place: The study was conducted in civil hospital of Ahmednagar (HIV sentinel surveillance) with permission from Civil surgeon (Dr. Sonawane) and Nodal officer of Anti Retroviral Treatment (ART) (Dr. Ingle). Results and Conclusion: Total patients in HIV Sentinel Surveillance Center in the year 2016, 2017, 2018 were 3062. Out of 3062 HIV positive patients, 1528 were females and 1531 were males and 4 where transgender. Maximum number of HIV positive patients where seen in the age group of 31-40. Amongst these 251 patients died on ART and 154 stopped treatment or transferred out. 285 patients out of the total were coinfective with tuberculosis infections. Amongst them 58 died whilst on ART. 1.81/1.4 is the male is to female ratio of the co-infected patients. 0 transgender patients were co-infected. The comparison between baseline CD4 to La-test CD4 was variable. It mainly depended on the age of the patient and how they reacted to the ART as individuals. AntiRetroviral Therapy helps in increasing the immunity of the patient, therefore helping in controlling the severity of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Keywords: Ahmednagar district; HIV sentinel surveillance; Tuberculosis; CD4 Cell Count; Co-infection; Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV); Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Oppor- tunistic Infection.

 Introduction: A proficient doctor spends more time in understanding the emotions of the patients, which may be helpful for the better treatment. Doctor’s role is to promote patients welfare, not their own. Medical professionalism and training honors stoic acceptance of duty and eschew humming. Objective: To find out the level and the factors affecting the job satisfaction among doctors. Method: A cross-sectional study was done among doctors in 2015 by using a simple random technique and using the standard Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire. Considering a minimum prevalence of job satisfaction among physicians to be 40% from previous studies, power of 80% and an allowable error of 10%, the sample size was rounded off to 150 with a total of 75 government and 75 private doctors. It was a cross-sectional hospital based study. Data was collated and analysed using chi-square tests and association between the variables was taken out. Result: Majority of the doctors were males and the association between gender and satisfaction level however, was not significant statistically. Most of the doctors were in the age group of 30-40 years and Physicians in the age group of 30-40 years were found to be more satisfied significantly. Majority of them had 2-4 years of experience. Discussion: Most of the studies proved that when doctors were satisfied with their jobs the quality of care improves and also satisfied employees likely to be more innovative and devoted to their employers. The present study showed that doctors in Punjab were satisfied in Government hospitals more than in Private hospitals. High factors of significant association were ability utilization, advancement, authority, co-workers, creativity, independence, moral value, recognition, security, social service, supervision, variety and working conditions. Conclusion: Hence, job satisfaction, as a matter of fact, plays an important role in the ultimate output of a physician, whether be it in terms of quality of patient care or quantity in patient treated. The determination of job satisfaction factors and their impact on organizational performance is very important in the health care system. Improving performance can significantly improve the quality and efficiency of patient care.

Keywords: Job Satisfaction; Physician; Quality of job.

 Introduction: Dengue is a fast emerging pandemicprone viral disease in many parts of the world, accounting for nearly 390 million cases across the globe each year while India shares the largest burden of these cases. In India, the spike in cases of dengue was the highest during the last one decade i.e. from less than 60,000 cases in 2009, to 188,401 in 2017, which is nearly a 300 per cent increase. Methodology: A hospital record-based study was undertaken to determine demographic and clinical profile of all confirmed dengue cases admitted to the teaching hospital of A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Mangaluru, during a period from 01 January 2014 to 31 December 2018. Results: The study included 655 cases. Majority of them were males, (86.8%) and belonged to the age group of 15-44 years (79.3%). Admissions increased steadily from 2014 to 2016 and thereafter declined during 2017 and 2018. A total of 90 (13.7%) cases presented with platelet count <50,000/Cumm. Almost all cases, i.e. 631 (96.3%), presented with fever while headache 592 (90.3%), Myalgia 497 (75.9%) and retro-orbital pain 357 (54.5%) were other common symptoms. A total of 41 (6.2%) patients reported with neurological manifestations. There were 05 (0.7%) cases of DHF, 06 (0.9%) cases of DSS and 03 (0.4%) cases of ARDS. The management of cases was found to be satisfactory, as there was no fatalities. Conclusion: The study brings out epidemiological trends and clinical presentation of dengue fever in this part of the country.

Keywords: Platelet count; Complication; Dengue fever; Disease; Incidence.