Community and Public Health Nursing

Novel corono virus is a very serious public health threat. Corona virus infection is a zoonotic viral disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that illnesses have ranged from people with little to no symptoms. The signs of infection include fever, cough, shortness of breath and difficulty in breathing. There is currently no vaccine to prevent coronovirus infection. The best way to prevent infection is to avoid being exposed to this virus.
 

All the people round the world need to work hard to meet their daily needs which circumstances affect individual’s physical and mental condition that leads to the reduction of individual’s life qualities. Job stress was identified as an upcoming stressors that provoke for many physical, mental and social irrational consequences. Occupational stress is related to one’s job which is a result of unexpected responsibilities and pressures that do not align with a person’s knowledge, skills, or expectations, inhibiting his ability to cope. Job stress results from various interactions of the worker and the environment of the work they perform their duties. Location, gender, environment, and many other factors contribute to cause of stress. A combination of organizational change and stress management is useful in preventing stress at work and hence both the organizations and employees role in working out the strategies to overcome the occupational stress is crucial.
 

Introduction: The liver is the largest gland of the body, can be considered a chemical factory that manufactures, stores, alters, and excretes a large number of substances involved in metabolism. Cirrhosis is a chronic progressive disease of the liver characterized by extensive degeneration and destruction of the liver parenchymal cells. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), cirrhosis is the 12th leading cause of death due to disease in the United States. It’s more likely to affect men than women. It is becoming more and more common with about 10 lakh new patients being diagnosed with liver cirrhosis every year in India alone. Excessive alcohol ingestion is the single most common cause of cirrhosis because alcohol has a direct hepatotoxic effect. Background: ‘Alcoholic’ is a term used to describe someone who suffers from alcoholism. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), globally, ”3.3 million deaths every year result from harmful use of alcohol.” Cirrhosis occur with greatest frequency among people with alcoholism. Objective: To assess the pretest knowledge regarding cirrhosis of liver among alcoholic adult males. To assess the posttest knowledge regarding cirrhosis of liver among alcoholic adult males. To evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on knowledge regarding cirrhosis of liver among alcoholic adult males. To associate the knowledge score with selected demographic variables. Methodology: This study was based on Quantitative approach. The research design used in this study was Pre experimental one group pre-test and post-test design. The sampling technique used in the study was non probability purposive sampling and sample size of 60 alcoholic adult males (Above the 18 years). Result: The analysis reveals that post-test mean knowledge score value whish was higher 16.95 with SD of ± 2.09 when compared with pre-test mean knowledge score value which was 6.08 with SD of ± 2.35. The calculated t-value 31.43 is greater than table value 2.00 at 0.05 level of significance. Thus the H1 is accepted and H0 is rejected. Conclusion: The study concluded that planned teaching programme was effective in improving knowledge regarding cirrhosis of liver among alcoholic adult males. age, marital status, areas of residence and monthly family income was associated with the knowledge of alcoholic adult males regarding cirrhosis of liver.
 

Calcium and vitamin D are widely used therapies for osteoporosis, Vitamin D is produced in response to the action of sunlight on skin. The Efficacy of use of calcium and Vitamin D in all post-menopausal women for the prevention of fracture in uncertain. To assess the knowledge of vitamin D and calcium is most important in menopausal women to prevent its complications. Methodology: A quantitative research design was used for this study. A cross sectional descriptive survey was used. A total no of 60 samples were by using the purposive sampling technique. The data was collected by using structured questionnaire developed by investigator. Results: The major findings of the study as out of 60 subjects, Majority 38 (63.3%) of the menopausal women’s had moderately adequate level of knowledge, 18 (30%) had inadequate level of knowledge and 4 (6.7%) menopausal women’s had adequate level of knowledge 4 (6.7%). There was statistically significant association (p < 0.001) between the level of knowledge with demographc variable as age, monthly income of family and p < 0.05 level as source of information about Vitamin D and calcium role in menopause has significant association. Conclusion: It was concluded that the knowledge of menopausal women regarding Vitamin D and calcium shows that the Majority of the menopausal women’s had moderate adequate level of knowledge. So the community health personal motivate the menopausal women to promote to take calcium and Vitamin D intake during menopausal period to prevent from osteoporosis and major other health problem
 

Background: Street Sweepers are getting exposed to hazardous dust during their work. The health profile of the street sweepers and utilization of health services are not clearly known. Street sweepers play an important role in maintaining the health and hygiene in the communities. However, their job exposes them to various hazards while, little or no attention is paid to their health status. Street sweepers exposed to hazards directly and indirectly which can affect their health. Aims: The aim of the study was to explore the knowledge regarding use of personal protective measures among street sweeper. Objective of the study: To assess the level of knowledge regarding use of personal protective measure among street sweeper, to find the association between the level of knowledge regarding use of personal protective measure among street sweeper with selected demographic variation. Methods and Material: Research design: Descriptive study. Setting of the study: Setting is the physical location and condition in which data collection takes place. The study was undertaken in selected areas of Wardha. Sample size: 60. Sampling technique: Convenient sampling. Results: Majority of the samples 40% are from the age groups 31–40 was, 85% were from rural areas, 46.70% of them were educated up to primary standard, subject were males and females are equal, i.e. 50%, 76.70% of the street sweepers were married, 63.30% of them were belonging to other religion, 63.30% of the street sweepers were having monthly family income of `5000–10000, 53.30% from 10–20 years, 65% of the street sweepers were temporary, 86.70% of the street sweepers had information regarding personal protective measures and 43.30% street sweepers had information from co-workers. The study was done to assess the knowledge regarding personal protective measures among street sweeper. The result of the study shows that majority of street sweeper 53.33% were having average knowledge, 36.67% were having good knowledge, 8.33% were having poor knowledge and 1.67% were having excellent knowledge regarding use of Personal Protective Measures. There was significant association between religion and source of information and there is no significant association between age, residential area, education, gender, marital status, monthly income, length of service, major of employment, knowledge regarding Personal Protective Measures. Interpretation and conclusions: The analysis and interpretation of the data are organised under 3 sections as per objective of the study.
 

Introduction: Generally, the age between 6 months to 5 years of children affected by febrile seizures, the risk peaking arise in the age of second year of life. When the first febrile seizure occurs in an older child is to have more febrile seizures as they will spend less time in the age
group at risk. Objectives: To assess the knowledge on febrile seizures among mothers of under five children. Methodology: Quantitative approach and descriptive research survey design was adopted for the study. The variables studied are research variable and demographic variables. The study was conducted for Pediatric outpatient Department at Hindu Mission Hospital, Kancheepuram District. The Accessible Population constitutes of five Children who attended the Pediatric outpatient Department in Hindu Mission Hospital. The Sample Size for this Present Study was 30. Non Probability purposive Sampling Technique was adopted for the Study. The tool which is used for the data collection was structured questionnaires developed by the investigator which consists of 2 sections which includes demographic variables and structured questionnaire on febrile seizures. Results: The results reveal that 57% (17) of Mothers had moderate knowledge, 43% (13) mothers had inadequate knowledge and none of the mothers had adequate knowledge on febrile seizure. Conclusion: The majority of mothers had moderate knowledge hence knowledge on febrile seizures among the under five mothers can be enriched through awareness program and training on first aid measures on seizures.

Worldwide, malnutrition is a major problem. Children, Pregnant mothers and Elderly are vulnerable to malnutrition due to physiological and functional changes. The intervention programs are directed towards children and pregnant mothers and often elderly people are neglected. But there has been a substantial rise in elderly population globally. The physiological changes of ageing like limited mobility, sensory impairment negatively affects the nutritional status. Methodology: A cross sectional descriptive survey method was used. A total number of 60 samples were selected by using purposive sampling technique and the data were
collected by using Mini Nutritional Status Assessment (MNA) tool. Results: Out of 60 subjects, majority(68.4%) of them in the age group of 60–74 years, 70% of them were females, most of them were not educated and not working. Majority 49 (81.7%) of the geriatric were at the risk of malnutrition, 10 (19.7%) had malnutrition and only one in normal nutritional status. there was an significant association (p-value <0.05) between the level of nutritional status of geriatric population with comorbid condition as arthritis. Conclusion: The study revealed that the risk of malnutrition was high among geriatric people. As aging process increase immunity decrease and intake of food decrease hence they are at risk of getting malnutrition. The proper care and nutrition should be provided to geriatric people at their rest of their life. The government
welfare measures should to reach every geriatric people. As a community health nurse should educate the family members and the community to give importance for geriatric people.
 

Background: TB is a worldwide public health problem that is closely associated with poverty, malnutrition, overcrowding, substandard housing, and inadequate health care. Mortality and morbidity rates continue to rise; Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infects an estimated one third of the world’s populations and remains the leading cause of the death from infectious disease in the world. According to WHO, an estimated 1.6 million deaths resulted from TB in 2005 (WHO, 2007). In 2005 there were 14, 093 reported cases of TB in the United States, a 3.8% decline from the previous year. However, two prevalent public health concerns remain about TB. First is the increase in the number of TB cases attributable to multi-drug resistant organisms (MDR-TB) and extensive drug-resistant organisms (XDR-TB). These forms of TB have been found worldwide and a threat to public health as a potential epidemic that is considered practically untreatable. Objective: To assess the factors contributing to noncompliance with tuberculosis treatment among tuberculosis patients in selected areas of the city. Methodology: A Non experimental study with descriptive research design is used among 100 Tuberculosis patients with noncompliance to tuberculosis treatment in selected areas of the city and are available at the time of data collection. The Purposive sampling technique is used. Data was collected on total four factors contributing to noncompliance these are patient related factors, health system related factors, disease and medicine related factors and socioeconomic related factors. The collected data was coded, analysed by using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Result: As perpatient related factors to noncompliance revels that majority of participants have knowledge regarding Antituberculosis drugs, which is given by health care worker. As per health care system related factors data revels that health care facilities are easily available and convenient for them. As per disease and medicine related factors data revels that all participant experience drug related side effect, these are nausea & vomiting & loss of appetite. All participants responded they did not feel better throughout the Antituberculosis treatment therapy. As per socioeconomic related factors data revels that majority of participant had financial problem as their job & salary affected because of illness & treatment. So majority of participant stopped Antituberculosis treatment. Conclusion: Non-compliance was found to be influenced by multiple factors like experiencing different side effects of Antituberculosis treatment, not feeling better throughout therapy, fear of social isolation and impact on job & salary which finally affect socioeconomic condition.
 

Context: Swine flu is an emerging disease in India and it is a major and high risk Viral Infection, whose preventive measures is needed to prevent spread of this infection. Moreover anganwadi workers should gain knowledge and should spread information about causative
organism, its sign and symptoms and its prevention. Aims: (1) To assess existing knowledge of prevention & control of Swine Flu among Anganwadi workers in selected Anganwadi centers in Bhopal. (2) To evaluate the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on
knowledge regarding prevention and control of Swine Flu among Anganwadi workers in selected Anganwadi centers in Bhopal. Settings and Design: structured teaching programme using different teaching methods and materials including the definitions of high risk, causes,
signs and symptoms, treatment, management and complications and preventive measures of swine flu have been included in the study. Methods and Material: One group pre-test- posttest design was selected for this study. O1: Pre-test knowledge scores on prevention and
control of swine flu. X: STP on prevention and control of swine flu. O2: Post-test knowledge scores on prevention and control of swine flu. Setting of the Study: Setting refers to the area where the study is conducted. This study was conducted on Selected Anganwadi centers in Bhopal. Sample: Anganwadi workers in selected Anganwadi centers in Bhopal. Sample size: A total number of 100 Anganwadi workers who met in the inclusion criteria were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Statistical analysis used: Scoring and Interpretation. The
questions were phrased in a multiple choice form with 4 options as distracters and 1 correct response. The correct response is given a score of one mark and the wrong response is given a score of zero. The resulting knowledge score ranged as

• Adequate knowledge (76% to 100%)
• Moderate knowledge (51% to 75%)
• In adequate knowledge (≤ 50%).
Structured Teaching Program: The structured teaching program was developed based on the topic of the study, review of the related research publications, and non research literature. The following steps were adapted to develop the Structured Teaching Program.
• Development criteria check list
• Preparation of STP
• Establishment of Content Validity of STP

• Development of Teaching Plan
• Translation of STP into Hindi language.
Results: Level of Knowledge-pre-test. The level of knowledge is categorized as Inadequate,
Moderate, Adequate and the scoring of below 50%, 50-75% and above 75%. The number of
respondents who are having inadequate knowledge belongs to 58 and obtained a percentage
of 96.7%. Moderate category shows 3.3% with 2 respondents. Workers are not adequate in
the knowledge prevention and controls of swine flu are evidenced by 0% level of knowledge.
Level of Knowledge-post-test. The level of knowledge is categorized as Inadequate, Moderate,
Adequate and the scoring of below 50%, 50-75% and above 75%. The number of respondents
who are having adequate knowledge belongs to 24 and obtained a percentage of 40%. Moderate
category shows 60% with 36 respondents. Anganwadi workers with inadequate knowledge
regarding prevention and control of swine flu are evidenced to 0% level of knowledge.
Conclusions: Knowledge on Prevention and control of swine flu among Anganwadi workers
was inadequate before the administration of STP.

Anaemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells and consequently their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet all the body’s physiologic needs which are vary with a person’s age, gender, altitude, smoking and different stages of pregnancy. Iron deficiency is thought to be the most common cause of anaemia globally, but some other nutritional deficiencies (including folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin A), acute and chronic inflammation, parasitic infections, and inherited or acquired disorders can cause anaemia. Methodology: Quantitative non-experimental Descriptive research design was used. The targeted population is adolescent girls age group (12–19 years). 60 subjects were collected using convenient sampling technique. The tool used to collect data is structured questionnaire prepared by the researcher. Result: Out of 60 subjects, majority of them 53.3% has average knowledge on prevention and management of anaemia, 36.7% of them had good knowledge and 10% of them had poor knowledge. There was statistically significant association between the level of knowledge with selected demographic variables as age at p > 0.05 level. Conclusion: Therefore the findings of the study revealed that knowledge regarding prevention of anaemia among adolescent girls were at average level. It revealed that the role of community health nurse plays vital role in promoting the level of knowledge on prevention and management of anemia among adolescent girls to rule out anemia
 

Introduction: Waste is generated as consequences of household activities such as the cleaning, cooking, repairing empty containers, packaging, huge use of plastic carry bags. Many times these waste gets mixed with biomedical waste from hospitals and clinics. The improper management and lack of disposal technique of the domestic waste pollutes to the environment. Aims and objectives: To assess the level of knowledge and practice of household waste management among rural women, and to identify the association between level of knowledge with selected socio demographic variables of rural women. Materials and methods: Cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among women (210) residing in the village Ramanathapuram, Pondicherry in the age group of 18–55 years. Results: The knowledge level of the rural women regarding disposal of waste was inadequate as mean score was less than 50% of the total score (13). The practice of waste disposal was inappropriate. Conclusion: The study concluded that the most of the women residing in the rural area were having inadequate knowledge, practice was inappropriate at most of the situation.