Community and Public Health Nursing

 An optic nerve glioma is a type of brain tumor. There are multiple kinds of brain tumors and glioma’s account for approximately one-third of brain tumors. They are typically named after the kinds of cells they affect. It is a rare kind of cancer, they are considered low-grade and do not grow as quickly as other types of brain tumors. They are found in the optic chiasm, where the optic nerves cross, or surround, the optic nerves. They are also referred to as optic glioma or juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma. It is rarely found in individuals over the age of 20. It has also been associated with the genetic disorder neurofibromatosis Type 1, or NF1. Evidence suggests that adult malignant gliomas (glioblastoma) are rare & almost always occur in adult males with a very poor prognosis & almost certain death within one year. Optic-nerve gliomas comprise about 1% of all intracranial tumors and Optic nerve glioma is a slow-growing tumour, which typically affects children. 30% of patients have associated neurofibromatosis type 1& those have better prognosis.However, optic nerve glioma of children is discussed in this article.

 Adult-onset Still’s disease is an inflammatory disease that may affect many joints, internal organs, and other parts of the body. Adult Still’s develops most often in people before age 45, but can first occur in later years as well. The cause of Still’s is unknown and there are no known risk factors. It is thought that a virus or other type of infectious agent may trigger Still’s disease, but there is no proof. Although some features are similar, adult-onset Still’s disease is different than Still’s in children. In children, Still’s disease is considered a form ofjuvenile rheumatoid arthritis and referred to as systemic-onset juvenilerheumatoid arthritis. Less than one in 100,000 people develop adult-onset Still’s each year and it is more common in women. It is manifested by fever, joint pain, warmth, and swelling, joint pain, warmth, and swelling, severe muscle ache, and sore throat. It can be diagnosed with blood test, imaging study. The treatment is Symptomatic as this disease as no cure as such.

Consumption of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21 known as underage drinking remains a considerable public health challenge. Adolescent alcohol use is not an acceptable rite of passage, but a serious threat to adolescent development and health. Underage drivers and drinkers can cause great harm as they lack driving experience and the ability to handle alcohol with their penchant for risk taking behaviors. Parents have a superior accountability to ensure that children are cared properly and not indulged in alcohol drinking, if not curbed at initial stages. This issue needs to be addressed with great urgency to curb juvenile drinking in future.

Tuberculosis is ranking one of the top 10 causes of mortality worldwide in 2016. The global and Regional TB statistics is alarming us to work on the preventive measures to control and manage tb to eliminate TB globally. some of the measures like public awareness, Tb surveillance, notification by health workers, Tb financing, health insurance and social protection and DSM management can be undertaken to control TB.

 In health & education of rural areas are so backward due to lack of awareness, lack of infrastructure & ignorance by the government. In health education aspect all the health progamme & policies are success in urban areas but all failure rate of programme came through rural areas because lack of facilities, awareness & most of population do not know about how to approach, & availability of resources. Reason for failure to educate rural population of India in health sector shortages of work force, faulty health education intervention, lack of total coverage, lack of quality assurance / approach framework, shortage of basic health infrastructure, lack of effective span of control and poor management, low education level, shortage of the basic facilities, shortage of financial resources, and lack of awareness among population.

Introduction: Severe and chronic diarrhea is the most severe form of diarrhea in infancy and has also been defined as intractable diarrhea. Its etiology is poorly defined. Objective: Retrospectively evaluated the etiology, the outcome, and the risk factors of 38 children, admitted with chronic diarrhea and need for hospitalization from 2010 to 2014. Methods: Children with anatomic abnormalities and/or primary immunodeficiency were excluded. There was an inverse relationship between the number of patients and the age of diarrheal onset (mean age, 2.93.5 months). Results: Etiology of chronic diarrhea was an enteric infection in 18 cased (eight Salmonell, there Staphylococcus, five rotavirus, one adenovirus, one Cryptosporidium), multiple alimentary intolerance (eight cases), familial microvillour atrophy (two), autoimmune enteropathy (two), celiac disease, lymphangectasia, eosinophilic enteropathy, intestinal pseudoobstructiopn, and intestinal neurodysplasia (1 case each). Etiology was not detected in three cases. Overall, 12 children died, five are presently being treated, and 21 had full remission. Conclusion: Comparative evaluation of risk factors between children with chronic diarrhea and a control population of children with diarrhea but without the need for hospitalization showed that low birth weight, no breast feeding, history of fatal diarrhea in a relative and early onset of diarrhea had a significantly higher incidence in the former. Social background was similar in the two populations. We conclude that at specific etiology can be identified in the majority of cases of chronic diarrhea. The etiologic spectrum of chronic diarrhea is broad, but an enteric infection is the most common cause of chronic diarrhea. The severity of this condition is related, at least in part, to establish risk factors.

 A descriptive study was carried out to know the knowledge and attitude regarding 100 married men in the selected village (Sulla) of Byahatti PHC, Dharwad district, Karnataka. A descriptive survey design with structured knowledge interview schedule and 5 point likert scale was employed to collect the data. Using probability simple random sampling technique data was collected. The result revealed that the overall knowledge scores of married men was majority of 75(75%) had average knowledge, 11(11%) had good knowledge and 14(14%) had poor knowledge and, the overall attitude scores of married men was 62(62%) had favorable attitude, 32(32%) had positive attitude and 06(06%) had negative attitude. The results can be used for further generalization of findings large population.

 Background of the Study: Nursing is one of the most delightful arts, which needs blending of knowledge, skills and values. A mere desire for nursing does not make a good nurse but it must be built upon knowledge, which is our power. Nursing is a noble profession, which requires loving heart and desire for compassionate care. Today there are numerous vocations and occupations available to an individual to choose. But vocational interest and choice of a career do not appear all of a sudden. They emerge as a result of a developmental process. The profession of nursing is very noble indeed and predominantly a female profession. The increasing number of graduates seeking admission to the nursing programme at the University reveals that the changing image of the profession now makes nursing an appealing career Objectives of the Study: 1. To determine the level of career awareness of nursing among Pre-University students of selected colleges of urban and rural areas in Trivandrum. 2. To determine the career preference regarding nursing among Pre-University students of selected colleges of urban and rural areas in Trivandrum. 3. To compare the career awareness and career preference regarding nursing between Pre-University students colleges of urban and rural areas in Trivandrum. 4. To find out association between career awareness, career preference and selected demographic variables of Pre-University students towards nursing. Setting: The study was conducted in selected preuniversity colleges of urban and rural areas in Trivandrum. Sample and Sampling Technique: The sample for the study comprised of 120 Pre-University college students i.e, 60 female students each from urban and rural colleges. Cluster sampling technique was used to select samples for the study. Tool: The tool consisted of an open-ended knowledge, image and opinion rating scale, career preference/non preference checklist and a career choice ranking scale. Validity and reliability of the tool was established. Reliability for knowledge questionnaire was established by Test-retest method and the reliability co-efficient rho for knowledge questionnaire and was found to be 0.824. Split half method using Karl Pearson’s coefficient correlation was used to calculate the reliability of image and opinion rating scale and it was found to be 0.823 which has statistically significant. Major Findings of the Study: All the students (100%) in the selected pre-university colleges of rural areas and urban areas preferred for the further study. Maximum of the students in the selected pre-university colleges of rural areas (58.3%) and urban areas (61.6%) gave the reason for further study as for securing a good job. Majority of the students in the selected preuniversity colleges of rural areas (95%) and urban areas (86.6%) expressed ‘Parents’ as their influencing persons for selecting a career. There was significant association between career awareness and religion (2 (2) =10.36), education of father (2 (2)=39.67) occupation of father and family income (2 (1)=11.6) of PUC students in colleges of rural areas at 0.05 level of significant except for mothers education and occupation. There was significance association between career preference and occupation of father (2 (2)=6.96) and family income (2 (1)=7.73) of PUC students in colleges in rural at 0.05 level except religion, fathers education and mothers education and occupation. There was significant association between career preference and family income (2 (1) = 5.45) and mothers’ education (2 (1)=3.93) of PUC students in colleges in urban areas at 0.05 levels except for religion, mothers occupation and fathers education and occupation. Interpretation and Conclusion: The present study shows that the knowledge of PUC students about nursing was very poor. But they had a positive image and opinion about nurse and nursing. Only a minimum percentage of PUC students preferred nursing as their career choice. This study explores the need for a career guidance programme among the potential candidates thus increasing their knowledge about nursing.

 Pre Experimental design was adopted for the study to assess the effectiveness of Hot Water Foot Bath Therapy in patients with fever admitted in selected hospitals of PCMC area, Pune. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect the sample. The conceptual framework was based on Lydia E. Hall’s Core, Care, and Cure Model. Data was collected through the observational check list. The Pre-test results showed that majority of the sample i.e. 84 %( 28) had temperature in the range of 100 o F to 102.6 o F in both groups. Whereas in post test only 21% patients had temperature above 100 o F and rest have the temperature in range between 98.4o F to 99.8 o F in experimental group. Mean effect of hot water foot bath on fever at pre intervention was 101.04±0.04 whereas in at post intervention it was 99.37±0.58 in experimental group. Whereas there is no major difference in pre and post level of temperature in control group. The result indicated that the level of temperature reduced in experimental group hence it was proved that hot water foot bath was effective in reducing temperature. The findings on relationship of the selected variable of patients showed that none of the demographic variables was found to have significant association with temperature level.

Introduction: Hepatitis is one of the most common communicable diseases leading to permanent damage of the liver causing disability and even death. Health care personals are increasingly faced with the challenge of dealing with these patients on a day-to-day basis. The purpose of the study was to assess the effectiveness of Socratic Method of teaching on knowledge and attitude regarding hepatitis among nursing students. Methods:Data collection was done using demographic proforma; structured knowledge questionnaire and an attitude scale. Results: The analysis revealed that the post test mean scores for knowledge and attitude were significantly higher than the pre test mean scores i.e. the t-value for knowledge was t60=10.09 and for attitude was t60=7.23, which were found to be significant at 0.05% level. This significant improvement in post test scores revealed that there was an improvement in knowledge and attitude of nursing students. Conclusions: Based on the findings it is concluded that the Socratic Method of teaching is highly effective in improving knowledge and attitude regarding hepatitis among nursing students.

 Introduction: Worm infestation affect the child growth and development and it leads to major complication if the children are not treated in the earlier stage. The mother plays a major role in child care as is the prime care giver. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge on worm infestations among mothers with underfive children in Maraimalai nagar. Methodology: The research approach selected for the present study was Quantitative approach and descriptive research design. The study was conducted in Maraimalainagar, Kancheepuram District. The study was conducted among 50 mothers with under five children. Non probability purposive sampling technique was adopted for the study. The data was collected using structured questionnaire which consists of 20 questions. Results: 50 mothers, 18 (36%) mothers have in adequate knowledge; 20 (40%) mothers have moderately adequate knowledge and 12 (24%) mothers have adequate knowledge. Conclusion: Hence the knowledge of the mothers can be enhanced through mass awareness program on prevention of worm infestation which in turn promotes the health of the under five children.

 A True experimental pretest posttest study was conducted to assess the factors influencing the utilization and non- utilization of under five immunization services and to evaluate the effectiveness of guided health action on utilization of immunization services among parents of under five children in a selected area of Dehradun, Uttarakhand. The research hypothesis stated that the guided health action would significantly increase the utilization of immunization services in the experimental group and was test at (p<0.05). Total 120 children who met the selection criteria were selected using convenient sampling and were divided into experimental group (60) and control group (60). Pre interventional immunization status was assessed along with the reasons of not utilizing immunization services using a structured immunization checklist and structured questionnaire respectively in both the groups. Guided health action was given to the experimental group through a combination of SMS, phone calls and personal contacts followed by post intervention data collection. The results showed significant reduction in the missed vaccination doses in experimental group after intervention (43) as compared to the missed doses before intervention (142) (2 = 28.47, p value <0.05). The major reasons reported by the parents for not immunizing their children were illness of the child and unawareness regarding need to return for 2nd and 3rd dose of immunization. The least reported reason was no faith in immunization. The findings of the present study revealed that the guided health action was effective in improving the utilization of under-five immunization status.