Abstract

The Baltic Sea region has historically been shaped by complex geopolitical rivalries, national security concerns, economic competition, and environmental challenges, making it a focal point of European strategic interest. This study aims to investigate the underlying causes of regional tensions and explore pathways for fostering long-term peace and cooperation among bordering nations. To achieve this, the research employs a qualitative approach, drawing on historical analysis, policy documents, geopolitical assessments, and environmental reports to examine three key dimensions: historical and security-related disputes, economic interests particularly concerning trade routes and energy corridors and environmental pressures intensified by the influence of global powers and international organizations. The findings reveal that persistent national security concerns, dependency on shared economic resources, and deteriorating environmental conditions are the primary drivers of conflict in the region. Furthermore, the presence of external actors has complicated regional dynamics, often exacerbating existing tensions. The study concludes that peace and stability in the Baltic Sea can be enhanced through multilateral diplomatic engagement, strengthened regional mechanisms, and collaborative environmental governance. These measures, coupled with economic integration and sustained dialogue, can build mutual trust and resilience among regional actors. The implications of this research suggest that a holistic, cooperative approach is essential to addressing the multifaceted challenges of the Baltic Sea and ensuring the region’s long-term security and sustainability.

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Funding