Abstract

Early detection of oral cancer is essential for patient survival, and auxiliary techniques should be considered when conducting an objective clinical examination. Non-invasive techniques such as liquid biopsy and brush biopsy are being used, and downstream molecular approaches require harmonization and standardization. Safety precautions are being revised. Cervical cancer is common in low-income areas due to advanced stages of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and lack of treatment, poor prognosis, and diagnosis. Control strategies such as Pap smear screening and HPV vaccinations have been used to reduce the exponential increase in new cases. However, the preventative efficacy of HPV vaccines is only advantageous to those who have not been exposed to the virus. Further study is needed to determine how aberrant alternative splicing affects cervical cancer. Pap smear testing is an effective, convenient, affordable, and secure method for identifying precancerous cervical epithelial lesions. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most prevalent cancer related cause of death worldwide, with sorafenib, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, oncolytic viral therapy, and novel target therapy available treatments. The X-Ray cross-complementing (XRCC) genes are essential elements of the DNA repair pathway and have been investigated in relation to a variety of human malignancies. Studies from Northern and Southern India have reported genetic polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes with respect to a variety of cancer risks, including prostate, breast, oral, and oesophageal cancers. This review provides a insight on various Biomarkers of malignancies with respected to Oral and Liver cancers emphasizing on their diagnosis and the need of non-invasive techniques.

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