RFP Indian Journal of Medical Psychiatry

Introduction: Premenstrual syndrome refers to a wide range of physical or emotional symptoms that most often occur about 5 to 11 days before starting of menstrual cycle, and PMDD are more severe than symptoms seen in premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Premenstrual dysphoric disorder mostly affects 5% of childbearing age women’s. Causes The exact cause of PMDD is still unclear but Hormonal changes in the course of the menstrual cycle may play a role. A brain chemical called serotonin, levels change in the course of the menstrual cycle may also play a role in PMDD. Identification: As per DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria at least five symptoms must be present in the final week before the onset of menses, start to improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and become minimal or absent in the week post menses. Confirmation is done by prospectively daily ratings during minimum two symptomatic cycles, and not attributable to other physiological effects of a substance or medical condition. Comorbidity: A major depressive episode is the most frequently reported previous disorder in individuals presenting with premenstrual dysphoric disorder.Treatment: Lifestyle changes may helpful to relieve symptoms of PMS and PMDD in many women, but doctor may prescribe one or more medications if symptoms is severe, these is based on severity of premenstrual symptoms. Antidepressants drug such as citalopram and fluoxetine which slow the reuptake of serotonin are effective for PMDD in many women’s. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen sodium can ease cramping and breast discomfort. Diuretics When exercise and limiting salt intake aren't enough to reduce the weight gain, swelling and bloating, it can help to shed excess fluid through kidneys which can help ease some of the PMS symptoms. Recommendations: There is need for community awareness activates for early identification and prevention of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder there is need to teach self-evaluation technique to women under age of 18-45 years. Conclusion: Based on the review, the following conclusions were drawn: There is need to teach self-evaluation technique, there is need to assess knowledge attitude and practices of women about premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. There is need to organise tanning program for women under age of 18-45 years. This review give basis for adding this valuable topic in women’s health program run by state or central government. Keyword: PMS; PMDD; Mental health in menstruation; Mood swing in menstruation: Lifestyle change in PMS.

A Descriptive Study to assess the problems faced by wives of alcoholic dependents in selected areas of the city. Objectives of the study: To assess the physiological, psychological, social, economical and educational problems faced by wives of alcoholic dependence, To find out the association between the level of problems faced by wives of alcoholic dependence with demographic variables like age, education occupation, income, and pattern of drinking alcohol. Also To find the Linear regression between demographic variables with problems faced by wives of alcoholic dependence such as physiological and psychological problems. Research approach: a qualitative research approach. Sample: 80 samples were collected who fulfilled the criteria. Sampling Technique: on probability convenient sampling technique was used. Conceptual framework: Modified Health Belief- Fishbone model was adopted. Method: self-administered questionnaire. Data collection procedure: Demographic data were collected through self-report. After that assessing problems faced by wives by using the questionnaire. Data was collected for 30 minutes for each participant. Data analysis was done with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Regarding age, 32 (40%) were between the age group of 21 -30 years, 32 (40%) were between the age group of 31-40 years. 46 (57.5%%) were educated up to secondary school. 46 (57.5%) were housewives. Regarding income, 68 (85%) were earning below Rs 5000/month. Regarding pattern of drinking alcohol, 50 (62.5%) were < 1years. In Physiological problems, 18 (22.5%) were facing moderate problems and 62 (77.5%) mild problems. In Psychological problems, 5 (6.2%) were facing severe problems and 52 (65. 2%) were facing mild problems. In Social Problems, 2 (2.5%) were facing severe problems, In Economical problems, 41 (51.2%) were facing severe problems and 34 (42.5%) were facing moderate problems. In Educational problems, 27 (33.8%) were facing severe problems. There was no association between problems based by wives of alcoholic and their selected demographic variables except economical problems. Conclusion: due to alcoholism, the main sufferers are wives. Their mental health is socially shaken. Educating the public, individual, group and family therapies and diversion activities, discussion and investigation of public attitudes may result in measurable improvement. Keywords: Wives; Alcoholics; Problems.

Emotional blunting, alogia, avolition, a sociality and anhedonia are features of negative symptoms. Negative symptoms are blamed for poor outcome and persistent disability in schizophrenia. The high hopes of cure of negative symptoms by SGAs have been belied. Due to the complex nature of negative symptoms, several methodological issues are raised and it is treated with different antipsychotics and novel agents with varied results. The development of innovative treatment and increased collaboration is needed to overcome the current limitation. Keywords: Negative Symptoms; First Generation Antipsychotics; Second Generation Antipsychotics.