Red Flower's Journal of Psychiatric Nursing

 Bipolar disorder is a disorder of mood, in which a person has episodes of both elevated and depressed mood. These episodes of major change of mood are associated with distress and disturbance of function. Women who give birth, approximately 50 to 80% experience the “postnatal blues” following delivery. The incidence of mild to moderate depression is 10 to 16%. Severe, or psychotic, depression occurs rarely, in about 1 or 2 out of 1000 postpartum women. So special attention should be given to pregnant mothers who have past history of any psychiatric disorders. Possibly the psychiatrist face difficulty to make definite diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) against postnatal blues because the symptoms of postnatal blues usually begins 3 to 4 days after delivery, worsen by days 5 to 7, and tend to resolve by day 12. The aetiology of postnatal BPAD may very likely be a combination of genetic, hormonal, biochemical, psychodynamic and environmental influences. The treatment of postnatal BPAD varies with the severity of illness and may be treated with mood stabilizers, antidepressants and anxiolytics, along with supportive psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, group therapy, and family therapy. Multidisciplinary team, family members and friends may play vital role in the management of patient with postnatal BPAD.

Keywords: Postnatal; Bipolar Affective Disorder; Case Study; Multidisciplinary Team; Treatment.

 Culture plays a decisive role in coloring the psychopathology of various psychiatric disorders. However, some psychiatric syndromes are limited to certain specific cultures. These disorders are called culture specific or culture bound syndrome. The last two decades have witnessed an increased interest in the cross cultural study of psychiatric disorders. Culture-bound syndrome is a broad rubric that encompasses certain behavioral, affective and cognitive manifestations seen in specific cultures. These manifestations are deviant from the usual behavior of the individuals of that culture and are a reason for distress/discomfort. This entitles these manifestations for a proper labeling and subsequent management. However, the available information and literature on these conditions suggest that at least some of them are/have been more widely prevalent than being considered. These conditions could be relabeled as functional somatic syndromes.

Keywords: Culture; Culture Bound Syndrome.

 Fatherhood is a unique and joyful experience. Nevertheless, it might trigger stress and negative feelings that lead to depression in fathers especially the fathers of first child born to them [1]. When the first baby is born, Naturally it is the time to be happy, but some fathers may not feel that way, instead they feel confused or even sad.1 The depression state which develops among fathers after the birth of the first child is also termed as “sad dad syndrome or postnatal depression in fathers”. Postpartum depression, once expected only in new mothers, is now estimated to occur in 25% of new fathers as well. Employment status, history of psychiatric treatment, and unintended pregnancy, relationship problems, Added financial pressures, feeling of isolation, Alteration in lifestyle and lack of support from family members and friends, Changes in marital relationship, physical health problems, Lack of wife’s attention, added financial burden or a job loss, Enhanced domestic workload, Lack of sound sleep are common causes for depression in father. Common symptoms of paternal depression includes Perceiving future in a miserable bleak way and worrying too much about the future, poor concentration, Feeling sad, isolated, anxious, feeling of guilt, Becoming irritated, hostile and aggressive, no interest in sex, performing poorly at work, loss of energy, lack of interest in usual activities, irritability, anxiety, sleep disturbances playing less with their babies.

Keywords: Postnatal Depression; Postpartum Depression; Maternal Depression; Syndrome.

 Background: Stress is thought to influence human eating behavior. As young adults transition from school to university and move in to an independent living situation, there is a high risk for unhealthy eating pattern. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the relationship between academic stress and eating pattern among the student nurses. Method: A correlational study was conducted. A selfadministered questionnaire was used including structured questions on demographic characteristics, rating scale for academic stress and eating pattern to assess the academic stress and eating pattern. The convenient sample technique was used to select 100 student nurses from a selected College of Nursing in Uttar Pradesh, India. Result: 65% of the study subjects were found to have moderate academic stress. A little more than half of the study subjects were having unhealthy eating pattern and rest were found to have healthy eating pattern. There was statistically significant correlation between academic stress of the student nurses and their eating pattern. No significant statistical relationship was found between academic stress of student nurses and their demographic variables, i.e., gender, community and body mass index. No significant statistical relationship was found between eating pattern of student nurses and their demographic variables, i.e., gender, community and body mass index. The study also revealed some common unhealthy eating pattern among studentnurses, such as meal skipping (62%), eating outside (73%), midnight snacking (69%) and fast food consumption (59%) were prominent among them. Conclusion: Result confirmed that there was positive relation between academic stress and eating pattern. Some unhealthy eating habits particularly meal skipping, eating outside, midnight snacking and food consumption were common among student nurses and were associated with stress.

Keywords: Academic Stress; Eating Pattern and Student Nurses.

 Background: Students living in hostel face many difficulties and hurdles such as financial crisis, adjustment issues, personal helplessness, distress, changes in eating and sleep habits and many other issues. Objective: To assess the level of stress and related factors leading to stress among the students of hostel accommodation in selected residential schools. Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted to explore the stress and related factors among the students of hostel accommodation of selected residential schools at Hubballi, Karnataka. Totally 45 hostel students were selected by non-probability convenient sampling technique. The level of stress and related factors were assessed by structured stress assessment scale. Results: The study result reveal that highest mean stress score of 46.66% was obtained in the area of interpersonal relationship in hostel, 45.42% score in academic stress, 43.06 % of stress related to hostel environment and the lowest mean stress score 25.50% was found in the area of hostel policy. The combined mean stress score found to be 44.26 per cent. In relation to level of sterss15 (33.33%) were having Mild stress, 29(64.40%) were having moderate stress and 01(02.22%) were having severe stress. With regard to the significance of the association between the level of stress with their selected personal variables; age, distance of hostel from residence, family income and duration of stay in hostel were found significant at 0.05 levels. Conclusion: The study findings concluded that the majority of hostel students of residential schools were had moderate level stress.

Keywords: Level of Stress; Hostel Students; Residential Schools. 

 Introduction: Depression has been identified as a silent killer of modern era. Apart from being a pathological mood disturbance characterized by feelings, attitudes and beliefs the person has about oneself and his environment such as pessimism, hopelessness, helplessness, low self esteem and a guilt feeling, depression is the most common disturbance of mood experienced by the elderly. A significant number of the elderly today are likely to have physical and mental morbidity besides having psychosocial problems. Among the various mental disorders of old age, depression is the commonest problem observed in the community. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression among elderly living with their families and living in old age home in selected areas of Delhi. Methods: A descriptive survey was conducted on hundred elderly (50 elderly living with their families and 50 living in old age home) aged 60 years and above purposely selected from residential areas of Delhi. A standardized tool was used for data collection and the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Results revealed that the elderly living with their families were more prone to depression as compared to elderly living in old age home. Further, education status had a significant relationship with the prevalence of depression among elderly living with families. Conclusion: Results confirmed that the prevalence of depression was more among elderly living with their families. However, in India such studies are limited and need further exploration.

Keywords: Elderly; Depression; Old Age Home; Prevalence.

 Decades of research on schizophrenia have not produced major breakthroughs, but gradual progress has been made in identifying risk factors and clarifying the nature of the etiologic process [1,2]. Schizophrenia ranks among the top 10 causes of disability in developed countries worldwide[3]. One of the most positive areas of schizophrenia research today is in the area of identification of early risk factors for development of schizophrenia[4].The purpose of this paper is to describe the etiological factors in patients with schizophrenia and the prevalence of schizophrenia among the population according to demographic variables.A univariant descriptive research design was used. Data was collected from all the accessible subjects diagnosed as schizophrenia (n=105) using multiple choice closed ended questionnaire. In situation where the study subject could not answer data was referread from patient’s case history file. Analysis revealed that 52.38% cases were male while 47.62% were female among which 53.33% were unmarried, 17.14% were married and 29.52% were separated. 68.57%cases were notedto be underpsychosocial influences, whereas 15.23%cases due to biological influences and 14.28% cases where noted to be under multifactorial influence. The findings concluded that males are more affected than females with peak age group between 35-65 (late adulthood).

Keywords: Schizophrenia; Etiological Factors; Mental Health Centre.

 Introduction: Adolescence has frequently been called “the tumultuous teens”. During the past quartercentury, suicide among the young has emerged as a significant global public health problem. Given the alarming increase in suicide reported behaviours, preventing youth suicide has become an issue of paramount importance in recent years.Objectives: The study aimed to assess the suicidal behaviours and knowledge on suicidal behaviours, among adolescents in a selected residential area of Delhi. Methods: A descriptive survey was conducted on sixty adolescents, aged 10-19 years, selected through convenient sampling method from residential area of Delhi. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection and the data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: 85% of the adolescents were found to have mild suicidal behaviours and 91% of them had inadequate knowledge about suicidal behaviours. Further, no significant relationship was found between suicidal behaviours and selected socio demographic variables such as gender, religion, marital status of parents, monthly income of the family and family history of suicide.Conclusion: Results confirmed that adolescents require awareness, prevention and management techniques related to suicidal behaviours as they are at risk for suicidal behaviours. However, in India such studies are limited and need further exploration.

Key words: Adolescents; Suicidal Behaviour.

 Introduction: In this modern society both men and women experience various patterns of stress. The stress faced by married employed women commonly referred to as a dual stress has drawn the attention of the researchers. As compared with the employed mothers unemployed mothers get more time to look after their children and family so that the child is expected to get timely attention and care required for their physical and mental development. Recent studies shows that working women still do the majority of the house work with child care taking priority over other chores. Many sacrifice leisure time and sleep to manage. Method: A quantitative approach, nonexperimental comparative survey design was adopted. A total 100 samples (50 employed mothers and 50 unemployed mothers) were selected by using nonprobable purposive sampling techniques, the target population were mothers of school going children and the accessible population were those who are in Nagaur city. The questionnaires were prepared under two sections.Section ‘A’was ondemographic variables; section ‘B’ was on stress and coping strategies. The data was collected after getting consent from the mothers. Survey techniques were adopted and self-administered questionnaire was provided to each mother for the duration of 20-30 minutes. And data was compiled and tabulated for descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: Major findings of the study revealed that employed mothers had more stress than unemployed mothers in relation to physical, psychosocial and academic needs of children. Percentage distribution of stressors among employed mothers of school going children showed that 9.1% had always stress in relation to physical needs, 3.6% in relation to psychosocial needs and 11.6% in relation to academic needs of children. Among unemployed mothers majority (82.6%) had no stress in relation to academic needs of the child, whereas, only 4.0% always had stress in meeting the physical needs of their children but not in psychosocial and academic needs. Most of the employed and unemployed mothers used adaptive coping strategies in meeting the physical, psychosocial and academic needs of their children. Among the unemployed mothers 22% were used adaptive coping strategies in relation to physical needs whereas only 4.8% were used maladaptive coping strategies in relation to psychosocial needs. Discussion: This present study is supported by various other similar studies. It was found that employed mothers had more stress than unemployed mothers in meeting physical, psychosocial and academic needs of their children. Majority of employed and unemployed mothers used adaptive coping strategies in relation to fulfilling various needs of their children. Conclusion: Employed and unemployed mothers need to get more awareness regarding stress which they undergo while dealing with various aspects of dayto- day life especially in meeting the needs of their school going children. And there was a need to enhance more adaptive coping strategies and mustreduce maladaptive coping strategies.

Key words: Stress; Coping; School Going Children; Employed Mothers; Unemployed Mothers and School.