Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics

Tuberculosis is a deadly disease that has hovered humanity for numerous decades. It’s caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis(TB) exploration and invention are critical to achieving global TB targets that will help reduce TB prevalence and TB- related deaths. The WHO End Tuberculosis Strategy, espoused in 2014, envisages a 17 periodic decline in global TB prevalence between 2025 and 2035, compared to a reference line of 2 annually in 2015 and 20 in 2016. It’s conceded that achieving the unknown decline from 2025, it’ll bear significant technological advances, similar as the development of new TB vaccines that can be used both ahead and after infection by 2025.” Progress in exploration and invention” is the third pillar of the final TB law.

Core-shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) have emerged as powerful tools for biological oxygen sensing due to their exceptional structural and functional properties. These nanoparticles, designed with a functional core and protective shell, enhance dispersibility, biocompatibility, and cytocompatibility, making them particularly suitable for intracellular and targeted oxygen sensing. Ruthenium and porphyrin complexes, commonly used as fluorescent and phosphorescent probes, are frequently encapsulated within CSNPs to enable precise fluorescence lifetime-based oxygen measurements. Inclusion of these dyes in polymers or shells offers several advantages, such as preventing dye leaching into tissues, mitigating singlet oxygen toxicity, enabling targeted sensing of cells or organelles, and extending probe lifetime. This paper demonstrates the use of fluorescence lifetime measurements in the time-domain approach, leveraging a multi-channel scaler, to evaluate oxygen levels. Additionally, it discusses CSNPs incorporating Ru and porphyrin dyes from three perspectives: (a) preparation methods, (b) spectroscopic characteristics, and (c) biomedical applications. Overall, CSNPs provide a versatile and efficient platform for realtime monitoring of oxygen levels, with significant potential in biomedical and biophysical research.This paper explores the design strategies, mechanisms, and potential of core-shell nanoparticles in advancing the field of biological oxygen sensing.

Thyroid diseases are prevalent all over the world. The burden of thyroid disease is also high in India. According to various studies on thyroid diseases, about 42 million people in India suffer from thyroid diseases. This review will focus on the prevalence of five thyroid diseases in India: (1) hypothyroidism, (2) hyperthyroidism, (3) goitre and iodine deficiency, (4) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and (5) thyroid cancer. The present review will also briefly discuss important studies in India that have addressed the use of thyroid hormones, particularly during pregnancy and childhood. In India due to lack of awareness about healthy diet habits, importance of exercise preferably among girls and women lead to genesis of Hypothyroidism.

Personalized medicine means creatingprecise treatment plans for individuals based on pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomics data. The practicalities of personalized medicine can be examined by adopting various methods including single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. In future perspectives, the molecular diagnostics will playkey role in the improvement of personalized medicine, by combination of treatment and diagnosis. In present scenario, there are many examples of personalized medicine, like selecting patients for cancer treatment based on genotype to avoid non-responders or side effects. Selftreatment is economically viable because it reduces drug development costs by shortening the time to drug development. Incorporating pharmacogenomics into clinical trials reduces the likelihood of clinical trial failure and leads to safer, more effective treatments for specific patients. Some of the advantages and challenges of developing personalized medicine are reviewed.The concept of personalized medicine was not new at the time, but it was made possible in the 1990s by advances in DNA sequencing technology, including automation and amplification. The advent of personalized medicine has accelerated the development of health information technology, which involves the electronic processing and storage of patient information. Advances in these areas, especially the use of electronic health records (EHRs) that store patients’ medical histories, medications, test results, and demographic information, are important for integrating data from genetic and genomic studies into clinical settings.