International Physiology

Neural control of the venous tone is provided by the adrenergic innervation. In some venous territories, a cholinergic innervation or a non-adrenergic non-cholinergic one were identified. Hormones are also involved in the control of venous tone. Catecholamines and angiotensin II are most important venoconstrictors. The relaxing action of estrogen and progesterone was also studied insome venous territories. Vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin, and thyroid hormones have actions in pathophysiologic states. Local control of venous tone includes: metabolic regulation; humoral control; ions and endothelium-dependent regulation through vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. Veins exhibit a less pronounced endotheliumdependent control and a different response profile to endogenous vasoactive substances than arteries. Other factors such as reactive oxygen species, cytokines, fibrinogen, thrombin, oxidized LDL (low density lipoprotein) and vasostatins also play role in venous regulation. Myogenic control of veins is less important than arterial one. Pharmacological agents can also modulate venous tone. Innervation, hormones, metabolic factors, ionic environment, humoral factors, endothelium-derived vasoactive factors, and even reactive oxygen species and cytokines act directly on venous smooth muscle and endothelial cells. In addition, to their vasoconstrictor or vasodilator actions, some of these factors may be involved in other important physiological (vascular hypertrophy, intimal hyperplasia, and venular permeability) and pathological mechanisms such as venous graft pathology or varicose veins.

Key words: Adrenergic innervation; Catecholamines; Endothelium derived vasoactive factor; Nitric oxide; Reactive oxygen species; LDL.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease with increasing prevalence worldwide. In DM, hematological indices such as WBC count, Hematocrit, platelet count, erythro-cyte aggregation, and erythrocyte deformability, are disturbed, which can lead to the development of inflammation and a tendency for coagulation and microvascular complications. So the current study was aimed at correlating RBC count, PCV and RDW with Fasting blood sugar of Type 2 Di-abetes patients. Methodology: A total of 96 participants (47 cases and 47 healthy controls) were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Data is retrieved from the Medical Records Department. Parameters are lab investigation values that are already done on patients who came to DM WIMS. FBS was estimated using (Cobas Integra 400 plus) automated clinical chemistry analyzer and hema-tological parameters using a fully automated (Sysmex XT-1800i) analyzer. Statistical analysis: The statistical analysis was done using SPSS 15.0 version. After checking for normality Pearson’s or Spearman correlation analysis is carried out to study the correlation. Results: PCV and RBC count was significantly higher in diabetics when compared to controls. Even though there was a negative correlation between PCV, RBC count and RDW with FBS (fasting blood sugar) in diabetics it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The routine hematological profile checking of patients with T2DM may help to prevent complications associated with aberrations in hematological values.

Keywords: Fasting blood glucose; Red cell distribution width; PCV; type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Handgrip muscle strength is the maximum force developed during maximal voluntary contraction under a given set of conditions. It can be quantified by measuring the amount of static force that a person’s hand can squeeze around a dynamometer. It is widely accepted that hand grip strength provides an objective index of functional integrity of the upper extremity. The present study aimed to compare maximal hand grip strength on the basis of gender. Materials and Methods: Present study was conducted on 120 healthy medical students in 18–24 years age group (60 male and 60 female) of DVVPF’S Medical College Maharashtra. The grip strength of dominant hand was measured twice at an interval of 1 minute, and higher reading recorded was considered to be the maximum hand grip strength for each student. Results: Data was analyzed by paired t test using SPSS. We noted that handgrip strength in male students was statistically significant (p < 0.001) as compared to female students. Conclusion: Hand grip muscle strength is more in male students as compared to female students in 18–24 years age group.

Keywords: Dynamometer; Female; Hand grip muscle strength; Male.

Introduction: Stress has become an integral part of our lifestyles. Stress to some extent improves management skills, job performance but when crosses the limit results adversely on health. Recent studies have mentioned majority of software professionals and bank employees are stressed and suffer from related disorders. Work duration, workload and mental stress have a great impact on the functioning of cardio-metabolic system and thereby evaluation of these functions helps to detect any health hazards and take appropriate preventive measures at the earliest. We carried out this study to find out the stress levels among working middle-aged male professionals through a questionnaire-based analysis; study the effects of work-related stress on Blood Pressure (BP), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-Hip ratio (W/H), Blood glucose and lipid profile and to find out their awareness about lifestyle modifications. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 133 male participants of which 60 were bank employees and 73 software professionals. A pretested and validated questionnaire on work stress divided the participants into non-stressed and stressed groups. Their age, work experience, BP, BMI and Waist/Hip ratio, Random Blood Sugar, Lipid parameters and Atherogenic index were analyzed. Their awareness on lifestyle modifications was assessed. These parameters were compared by unpaired t-test. All tests were two-tailed and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results and Conclusions: The study showed that significant stress levels are observed in these professions and as a result, there is derailment of cardio-metabolic parameters among them. There exists a difference in awareness about the need for yoga and exercise among them. Hence while addressing the complications of job stress, a more aggressive working health policy has to be implemented at all workplaces.

Keywords: Lifestyle; Occupational; Professionals; Stress; Yoga; Workplace.