International Physiology

 Caffeine is a stimulant that is present in various drinks like tea, coffee and colas. It acts on the body via different mechanisms like altering intracellualar calcium, acting on benzodiazepine receptors and inhibition of phosphodiesterases. The main mechanism of action is blocking of adenosine receptors and alteration of the neurotransmitters in the brain.

 Since childhood we have been advised by the to study or revise the assignments early morning. But the recent studies indicate that level of stress hormones is highest at the time of wakening. Stress hormones affect memory negatively. As the cortisol level is the highest in the morning just after awakening (in day workers)  and because the excess of cortisol can impair the ability of the hippocampus to both encode and recall memories, thus it is hypothesised that morning time may not be the best time to study and revise assignments..

 Background: The most exciting aspect in the game of Cricket is bowling. Adolescents shows increased involvement in sports due to which there is a risk and severity of sport injury. Few studies are there which correlate anthropometric characteristics and performance tests having age, BMI, skinfold thickness with power, speed tests in adolescent Cricket bowlers. Objective: To relate the BMI, Skinfold Thickness and speed and power of adolescent Cricket bowlers. Methods: A sample of 400 Bowlers will be recruited based on predetermined set of inclusion criteria from recognised school by multistage sampling method for cross-sectional study. Power and speed will be estimated by 6m timed hop test and 50-yard dash test respectively. Stiatistical Analysis:  Results will be expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Data will be screened for normality using the Kolmogorv-Smirnov test and summarized using descriptive statistics. Pearson’s correlation coefficient will be applied to establish the relationships among the variables measured. Conclusion: This study will help in determining the relationship between BMI, Skinfold thickness and speed and power in adolescents Cricket bowlers.

 Lateral positions of the body have some effect on autonomic nervous system. Systemic peripheral resistance is the main determinant of after load to the heart. It is regulated by the arterioles via sympathetic nerves and directly affects the diastolic blood pressure. One hundred asymptomatic healthy male subjects, aged 17-23 years, participated voluntarily in the present study, undertaken, to assess the effect of lateral positions of body on systemic peripheral resistance and other cardiovascular parameters. Cardiovascular parameters were recorded by mercury sphygmomanometer and Impedance Cardiovasograph (Nivomon) in three positions supine, left lateral and right lateral decubitus. Results showed significant increase in systemic peripheral resistance, systemic peripheral resistance index, and diastolic blood pressure in left lateral position. All the parameters were significant decreased in right lateral decubitus position in comparison to supine. Systemic peripheral resistance was maximum in left lateral position which indicates maximum sympathetic activity in left lateral position among the three positions supine, left lateral and right lateral decubitus. So, one should avoid left lateral decubitus position during rest to avoid extra load on the heart.

 Brainstem auditory evoked potential is a physiological technique for evaluation of auditory pathway. A number of electrical potentials can be recorded from the human scalp following acoustic stimulation. The potentials which occur within 10 msec of the stimulus onset termed the brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs). Latency appears to be the most stable measure and in consequence knowledge of the exact limits of normal latency of each wave is important. Since age and sex effects on central conduction time in the acoustic pathway are still debated, the following study was conducted to investigate possible age and sex differences in BAEP component latencies in younger and older male and females, total 60 of age 21-30yrs and 51-60 yrs respectively, The absolute peak latency of waves I, & V and interpeak latency of wave’s  I-III, & I-V in younger and older age group male and females are analyzed. The data was statistically compared between the different age groups and between the males and females and regression analysis was done. Absolute latencies of the waves I, and V and the interpeak latency of the waves, I-III and I-V showed significant increase with age, thus suggesting degenerative changes in the auditory pathway and synaptic delay. There were significantly increased values of the latencies of the waves I, and V and interpeak latencies of the waves, I-III, I-V in males as compared to the females. Thus, age and sex have an effect on latency and interpeak latency in Brainstem auditory evoked potentials.

 Static Lung Functions: besides physiological measurements, help in the diagnosis of underlying lung disease. It can be used to determine the severity of respiratory muscle involvement in neuromuscular disease, and can guide treatment decisions in several diseases too. This is a pioneering study to assess the correlation of fat free mass index(FFMI) with the static lung function instead of Body Mass Index(BMI). BMI can be misleading as it does not distinguish between the fat & muscle compartment.  So, the aim of our study is to establish that FFMI should be used as reference variable for assessment of static lung functions rather than BMI.

 This study was conducted to observe the effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa extract on different human blood cells with different interval of time. Venous blood was collected from laboratory personnel in EDTA tube. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from different clinical samples. 20 different isolates were cultured on fresh nutrient agar after 24 hours of incubation at 370C. Isolates were centrifuged. The bacteria were resuspended in cold Sterile Distilled Water (SDW) and disrupted by sonication on ice for three times after 1 min intervals. Extract filtered through 0.22 µm Millipore Millex. Extracts were incubated with human blood. After  incubation time, blood was used to observe effect on extract, on cells in cell counter. This study shows the effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa extract on human blood cells.   In this study, 20 Non-duplicate isolates of Non-MDR, MDR and PDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested. Blood Sample (Heparinized venous blood) was collected in EDTA tube from healthy personnel. Bacterial isolation and further processing of extraction of toxin was done as per the standard procedure. Significant difference of Pseudomonas aeruginosa extract of all three groups was seen on human blood cells. Effect of extract was same on blood cells at particular interval of time.