International Journal of Political Science

The multilateralism as a practice of collective mechanism among states as well as set of principles like diffused reciprocity, indivisibility of state interests and collective and cooperative organizing norms underlying international institutions have come under strain in recent years. The multilateralism is faced with multiple internal and external challenges in the form of unilateralism, new nationalism, populism, protectionism etc. The states which were instrumental in supporting the norms of multilateralism in the post-War II period are now aligned against it. The unilateralism and protectionism of the Trump administration is the greatest challenge to multilateralism, followed about rising populist nationalism in European countries. The source of American threat is largely the new leadership, whereas the European nationalism has roots in masses. The other major actors like Russia and China are not inclined to follow multilateralism as a matter of first choice. The paper aims to focus on the nature of these challenges and the possible scenario for the future.

Keywords: Unilateralism; Bilateralism; Major Powers; Diffused Reciprocity; Individuality of interests.

The demands for smaller States in India. If we go back to history of Political Science where the Greek Philosopher Plato suggested a State should have a population of 5040, Rousseau enough to make on ideal State 10,000. Significantly, the necessity of new States and their local importance should be analyzed. The historical institutionalism framework also helps to explain why over the time State borders have become less stable and subject to change in some parts of the federation and not in others. Borders, understood as a form of institution, rest on the notion that they are critical element influencing competition among groups. Struggles over the size and shape of the State are part of the ‘rules of the game’: which interests are legitimate, what resources can be mobilized, the questions that are open for debate, and how these change. In a complex country like India with a huge diversity, all efforts should be made to integrate the people in the national mainstream. No Indian should think of himself/herself belonging to a particular State or region and should think of being only an Indian. Creating the new States on the basis of the distinct cultures of their people in the region serves only to create and foster artificial barriers among the people. This is undesirable for the future of India in the long run. Secondly, where the demand for new States have been raised on the issue of development, study should be conducted whether creation of the new State would promote faster development or whether the new State would be perennially dependent on the central government can carry out uniform development of all the States in India, there would be no incentive for demanding a new State on the issue of development and the time and energy that is being wasted on the demand for new Statehood will be saved.

Keywords: Government; Uniform development; Smaller state; Reorganization; TRS.

The conception of local governance is not new as it has its roots in ancient era. In the today scenario ICT has emerged as a successful tool for airing of assorted ICT based services and in this respect the Government of India has formulated NeGP with equal service bringing mechanism. With the e-governance applications were intentional by central and state governments which lead towards strengthening of rural local self governments.

Keywords: Rural Services; ICT; E-panchayat; Rural local self governments.