Indian Journal of Biology

Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) is becoming a widely used method to sample hardto-reach populations, especially in Public Health and Social Science research. The purpose of this systematic review is to present an overall view of RDS methodology, its applications in different areas as well as the difficulties faced when implementing it. A search of electronic databases was conducted systematically to find relevant studies for synthesis that would provide insight into the strengths, limitations and future directions of RDS.

Indian major carps (IMCs) are one of the most economically important as well as edible food fishes all over the world. IMCs are showing different disease problems that cause harm for healthy fishes. The present study was carried out from 12 months of survey study between June 2021 to May 2022 for investigations of different causative fish parasites. In this section, our area of concerning fishes were cyprinidae family fishes the ectoparasites infect them which belong to groups of myxozoan, and protozoan fish parasites that lead to cause severe damage and finally, mass mortality has been observed. In Labeo catla (Hamilton, 1822) showing highest Myxobolus infection was observed in the rainy season (65.55%), and Thelohanellus infection was abundant in winter (65.83%). Another way, L. rohita showed a massive Myxobolus infection rate in January (56.66%), Thelohanellus and Trichodina infections highest in April (63.33% and 53.33%). In this article, the prevalence of parasitic studies has been dealt with. As per seasonal diversity, host age, size of the hosts and sex-wise prevalence of parasitic infection over the fish sectors. Here, parasitic infections were shown at different time scales which are stated in this research article. As per the sex wise study, the highest infection was observed in females as compared to male fishes. The large sized fishes were highly prone to parasitic diseases as subjected to small young fishes.

Metamorphosingtadpoles of Rana hexadactylawere exposedto sublethal concentration of dye efÁuent for different periods. The prometamorphic tadpoles registered elevation in the levels of FAA and depletion of BAA. But the tadpoles in metamorphic climax stage showed abnormal increase in BAA, while the post metamorphic individuals exhibited rise in BAA and fall in the FAA content.

The growth responses of green algae and blue green algae were estimated in small simulated eutrophic systems receiving either high N/P ratios maintained with some commonly used manures like Badam Oil Cake (BOC), Mustard Oil Cake (MOC), mixture of BOC and MOC (MIX) or high P/N ratios created by Single Super Phosphate (SSP). Prior to the main experiment a pilot study was carried out with different manures and fertilizers with algal rich pond water to select the suitable N/P ratios of the manures for the main experiment. Based on the results of the primary productivity of the pilot studies, treatments with varying N/P ratios of 60:1(BOC), 50:1(MOC) and 40:1(MIX) were set up in the main experiment along with N/P ratios of 1:20 and 1:40 with SSP. In both the experiments, pond water rich in mixed algal population was added to each jar. The bacterial enzyme activity in the MOC treatment played an important role as a driving factor ensuring the role of microbial heterotrophic pathway in controlling harmful algal bloom. The role of N/P ratio in shifting the food chain from blue green algae to benign algal food chain, i.e. green algae is evident from a better positive correlation between the N/P ratio with green algal growth rather than the Microcystis sp. bloom. So, the effects of N/P ratios of Badam Oil Cake (60:1), Mustard Oil Cake (50:1) and Mix (Badam Oil Cake + Mustard Oil cake) showed favourable conditions for the growth of green algae thus controlling the major eutrophication syndrome.

Insecticides use, considered as one of the common practice in local farming system, cause detrimental effect on agriculture environment and bio diversity subject. (celli et al 2003 )3 Besides that residue sprays on pesticides could also make unintended possible effect to honey bee andother Pollinators. (Stokstad, 2007)5 So, pollinators have great impact on plant productivity. Because of this main issue to keep the pollinators in healthy and high diversity for sustainable of environment, food and environment. (Celli et al, (2003)3, (Neumann, et al, 1994).55, The field observation a recorded in agriculture crops and laboratory test recorded the effect of common insecticides to mortality and behaviour of honey bees. 96% pesticides traded were applying by our farmers, besides there were 13 active ingredients of fungicides 15, insecticides and 1 herbicides, 1 Molluscuide, they are using twice a week during crop cultivation; 60% of farmers mentioned the presence of honey bees on there land Farmers knowledge in use of insecticides (sethuraj, 2004)10 is Apporoaiate and safe for bees and farmers when applying insecticides in there field, forager bee move to flowers as the preference (Allen et al 1998)4 to insecticides was 12.5% and 0%, 4.2% mortality test showed LD 5o value O. O1√g/√l insecticides rate is 0.031 and 0.09, which much lower than suggested dosage recommended br insecticides producer. (Said et al 2013).78 This research conculde, that the use of insecticides could lower the pollination service.

An enormous threat to world health and security is posed by the extraordinary rate at which the Earth's atmosphere is changing. Anthropogenic carbon production and natural carbon absorption systems were in equilibrium prior to the industrial revolution. Nevertheless, with an increase in anthropogenic carbon emissions of between 15% and 40% during the industrial revolution, the situation altered. In 2030, coal will still provide for over 60% of India's energy needs, despite the increasing emergence of alternatives like solar and wind. The Earth's atmosphere is changing at an unprecedented rate, posing a huge danger to world health and security. There is broad scientific agreement that human actions, namely how we transform and utilise fossil fuel energy, are to blame for growing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and climate change. Finally, in terms of carbon dioxide emissions, it appears that CCS is currently one of the best available technologies for drastically reducing greenhouse gas emissions from certain industrial processes, and it is a key technology option for decarbonizing the power sector, particularly in countries where fossil fuels are heavily used in electricity production.