RFP Indian Journal of Hospital Infection

Autoimmume diseases occur when the host's immune system reacts against own or self antigens. Many microorganisms can trigger and initiate autoimmunity by various mechanisms.These things are very interesting to note and study. Hence here we try to present relevant information about epidemiology and pathogenesis behind microbes causing autoimmunity.

ntroduction: Nosocomial pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation (due to endotracheal tube or tracheostomy) develops within 48 hrs. or more than 48 hrs. Epidemiology: VAP occurs in 10- 65% of all ventilated cases, Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)is the second most common hospital infection., 90% of all nosocomial infections occurring in ventilated patients are types of pneumonia. The Indian study indicates the incidence of VAP is 57.14% and the incidence density of VAP was 31.7/1000 ventilator days, another study indicates the VAP rate was 6.242/ 1000 ventilator days. The mortality rate ranged from 16.2% to 74.17%. The highest mortality rate was reported from a study in India. Pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus (44%) are the most frequently isolated microbes. Acinetobacter baumanii (30%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6%), and Serratia marcescens (2%) were isolated from the transtracheal aspirates or bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with VAP. Types of pneumonia: Community-acquired pneumonia, Hospital-acquired pneumonia, and Ventilator-associated pneumonia Common signs and symptoms are Difficulties in breathing, Tachycardia Fever, Sweating, Shivering, Loss of appetite, Pain in the chest, Hemoptysis, Headache, Fatigue, Nausea, Vomiting Complications: Septicemia, Lung abscess, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Middle ear infection, Blood infection, Meningitis, Sepsis, Pericarditis, Atelectasis, Pleural effusion, Hypotension, Tachypnea, Confusion, Septic shock, Decreases in breath sounds, and Unequal chest expansion. Conclusion: Nurses play a key role in the intensive care unit, they need to know about VAP, they have to Conduct a Physical examination of the patient and clinical pulmonary infection score (CIPS) to be recorded. they Check vital signs (Temperature, Pulse, Respiration, Blood pressure, and oxygen saturation. Assist the intensivist in the assessment of Progression of infiltrate. They are responsible for the Management of a patient with pneumonia by providing quality nursing care.

Introduction: Covid -19 is the infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus. This new virus and disease were unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in december 2019. In the latest wave of the pandemic, India has been the world’s worst-hit country since April 2, forcing the States to impose new curbs to control the virus spread. As per Union Health Ministry figures, India reported 2,00,739 new Covid-19 cases in the last 24 hours, the biggest single-day spike so far, taking its overall tally to 1,40,74,564 cases. India’s daily deaths due to Covid are also rising with 1,038 new deaths getting reported on Thursday, the second consecutive day the country reported over a thousand deaths. This took the overall death toll in the country to 1,73,123 till date. The country has so far reported a total of 1,45,21,654 cases and 1,75,673 deaths. Method: Employed method was semi structured face to face and through telephonic/digital interviews with people living in different zones of India of 22 - 44 years of age. An interview guideline was developed and used by trained students in order to record the verbal consent of the patients. This article is a summarized experience of the patients afflicted to covid 19 from different regions of India focusing especially over the latest symptoms and the new therapeutic measures in order to control and treat the patients suffering from this disease. The data from the patients have been collected in accordance to different zones of India for ex. South zone includes data of patients from indian states like Tami Nadu, AndhraPradesh , Karnataka & Kerala whereas central regions include states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, parts of Maharashtra , Rajasthan , Bihar and Uttar Pradesh respectively. Eastern Zone included West Bengal. Oertehrn zone included data from Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. Results and Conclusion: Forty four eligible COVID -19 recovered people or deceased (relatives gave data and consent) (x male/y female) agreed to be interviewed and their verbal informed content was recorded. Mean interview time was of a week. Thematic analysis generated in a tabular form under various sub headings. Their life during covid 19 illness, what were the new common signs and symptoms, which geographical area they belong to and what were the precautionary measures and interventions that helped in their recovery. The experience of these people holds an importance as they were the prime patients afflicted by the infection and have a knowledge of factors that facilitated their recovery in a way as their lives were and has been affected especially during the COVID -19 second wave.of tests done during the previous day 15,66,394.