The leading causes for death among under-five children changes over a period of time but the cause diarrhea and ARI remains unchanged. India is the leading country in death due to pneumonia. Comparing to the last decade the under five mortality is reduced but it is still not the reduction which is expected. The still birth rate is 22/1000 total birth, perinatal mortality rate is 26/1000 live birth, neonatal mortality rate is 18/1000 live birth, post neonatal mortality rate is 19/1000 live birth, infant mortality rate is 40/1000 live birth, Underfive mortality rate is 48/1000 live birth. More than half of the causes for death can be preventable or treatable through safe childhood and effective neonatal care. The purpose of this review is to understand the present mortality rate and causes for this as well as to get clues for epidemiological research in future.