Among 34 million people living with HIV, genetic forms of HIV-1 differ significantly around the globe and sub type C infects highest population worldwide. Although disease severity has been reduced by the successful introduction of cART, complete assessment of therapy to CNS is not potentialy unbeaten. In postHAART era, the predominance of HAND depends upon the likely effect of clade diversity. Neurological complication in HIV infection intimately related to virological, cellular and immunological factors which can either be beneficial or detrimental. Many experts report that immune system cells hinder the healing in subtype B which is somehow suppressed or eliminated in clade C. Other scientists claim that viral factors may mediate the stimulation and secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and neuroprotective factorswhich consequences less neuropathogenesis in subtype C infections. Hence less neurocognitive impairment in Indian subtype C is a dispute. This article reviews the co-operative action of viral, cellular and immunological factors involved in HIV-1 associated neurological complications in clade C and elucidate our knowledge in comparison to clade B. 

Keywords: HIV-1 Clade C; Neuropathogenesis; Viral Factors; HAND; Cognitive Impairment.