Pulp capping is a vital procedure in preserving the vitality of dental pulp in cases of pulp exposure due to caries or trauma. This study aimed to compare the clinical, histological, and radiographic outcomes of different pulp capping materials used on permanent teeth and explore current perspectives and future directions in this field. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify relevant studies published in peer-reviewed journals. Studies comparing the effects of various pulp capping materials, such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), calcium hydroxide, and biodentine, on permanent teeth were included. Clinical parameters, such as success rates and postoperative symptoms, were evaluated. Histological assessments focused on pulp tissue response and dentin bridge formation. Radiographic evaluations assessed the extent of pulp healing and periapical changes. Results from the reviewed studies showed that MTA and biodentine were more effective in promoting pulp tissue healing and dentin bridge formation compared to calcium hydroxide.
Furthermore, these materials exhibited higher success rates and lower rates of postoperative complications. However, further long-term studies are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate the durability of these materials. In conclusion, MTA and biodentine are promising materials for pulp capping in permanent teeth, showing superior clinical, histological, and radiographic outcomes compared to calcium hydroxide. Future research should focus on standardizing study protocols, conducting randomized controlled trials, and exploring novel materials to improve the success and longevity of pulp capping procedures.